多对一关联¶
To define a many-to-one relationship, use ForeignKey.
In this example, a Reporter can be associated with many Article
objects, but an Article can only have one Reporter object:
from django.db import models
class Reporter(models.Model):
first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
email = models.EmailField()
def __str__(self):
return "%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name)
class Article(models.Model):
headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
pub_date = models.DateField()
reporter = models.ForeignKey(Reporter, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
def __str__(self):
return self.headline
class Meta:
ordering = ['headline']
下面是可以使用PythonAPI工具执行的操作示例。
创建一些 Reporters：
>>> r = Reporter(first_name='John', last_name='Smith', email='john@example.com')
>>> r.save()
>>> r2 = Reporter(first_name='Paul', last_name='Jones', email='paul@example.com')
>>> r2.save()
创建一个 Article：
>>> from datetime import date
>>> a = Article(id=None, headline="This is a test", pub_date=date(2005, 7, 27), reporter=r)
>>> a.save()
>>> a.reporter.id
1
>>> a.reporter
<Reporter: John Smith>
注意你必须先保存对象，然后再给它指定外键关系。比如，使用未保存的 Reporter 创建 Article ，会引发 ValueError：
>>> r3 = Reporter(first_name='John', last_name='Smith', email='john@example.com')
>>> Article.objects.create(headline="This is a test", pub_date=date(2005, 7, 27), reporter=r3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: save() prohibited to prevent data loss due to unsaved related object 'reporter'.
Article 对象可以访问与它们相关联的 Reporter 对象：
>>> r = a.reporter
通过 Reporter 对象来创建一个 Article
>>> new_article = r.article_set.create(headline="John's second story", pub_date=date(2005, 7, 29))
>>> new_article
<Article: John's second story>
>>> new_article.reporter
<Reporter: John Smith>
>>> new_article.reporter.id
1
创建一个新的article：
>>> new_article2 = Article.objects.create(headline="Paul's story", pub_date=date(2006, 1, 17), reporter=r)
>>> new_article2.reporter
<Reporter: John Smith>
>>> new_article2.reporter.id
1
>>> r.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: Paul's story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
添加相同的article到一个不同的article集合，请观察它怎么移动：
>>> r2.article_set.add(new_article2)
>>> new_article2.reporter.id
2
>>> new_article2.reporter
<Reporter: Paul Jones>
添加错误类型的对象，会引发TypeError：
>>> r.article_set.add(r2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: 'Article' instance expected, got <Reporter: Paul Jones>
>>> r.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
>>> r2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Paul's story>]>
>>> r.article_set.count()
2
>>> r2.article_set.count()
1
注意在最后的例子里，那篇 article 的 reporter 已经从 John 变为 Paul。
相关管理器也提供字段查询。只要你需要，API会自动跟踪关系，使用双下划线来分隔，你可以根据需要获取深层关系。这没有限制。比如：
>>> r.article_set.filter(headline__startswith='This')
<QuerySet [<Article: This is a test>]>
# Find all Articles for any Reporter whose first name is "John".
>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter__first_name='John')
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
这里的查询是完全匹配：
>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter__first_name='John')
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
在相关字段上查询两次。这里转化成WHERE从句里的AND条件。
>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter__first_name='John', reporter__last_name='Smith')
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
对于相关查询，你可以提供主键值或显式传递相关对象：
>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter__pk=1)
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter=1)
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter=r)
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter__in=[1,2]).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: Paul's story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter__in=[r,r2]).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: Paul's story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
你也可以使用查询集而不是实例的文字列表：
>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter__in=Reporter.objects.filter(first_name='John')).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
反向查询：
>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__pk=1)
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>]>
>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article=1)
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>]>
>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article=a)
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>]>
>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith='This')
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>, <Reporter: John Smith>, <Reporter: John Smith>]>
>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith='This').distinct()
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>]>
Counting in the opposite direction works in conjunction with distinct():
>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith='This').count()
3
>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith='This').distinct().count()
1
可以循环查询：
>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__reporter__first_name__startswith='John')
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>, <Reporter: John Smith>, <Reporter: John Smith>, <Reporter: John Smith>]>
>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__reporter__first_name__startswith='John').distinct()
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>]>
>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__reporter=r).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>]>
如果删除了一个reporter，他的articlles文章将被删除（假设使用设置了 CASCADE 的 django.db.models.ForeignKey.on_delete 来定义主键，这是默认设置）：
>>> Article.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: Paul's story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
>>> Reporter.objects.order_by('first_name')
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>, <Reporter: Paul Jones>]>
>>> r2.delete()
>>> Article.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
>>> Reporter.objects.order_by('first_name')
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>]>
可以在查询中使用JOIN进行删除：
>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith='This').delete()
>>> Reporter.objects.all()
<QuerySet []>
>>> Article.objects.all()
<QuerySet []>
