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Enviando e-mail

Although Python provides a mail sending interface via the smtplib module, Django provides a couple of light wrappers over it. These wrappers are provided to make sending email extra quick, to help test email sending during development, and to provide support for platforms that can’t use SMTP.

O código pode ser encontrado no módulo django.core.mail.

Quick examples

Use send_mail() for straightforward email sending. For example, to send a plain text message:

from django.core.mail import send_mail

send_mail(
    "Subject here",
    "Here is the message.",
    "from@example.com",
    ["to@example.com"],
    fail_silently=False,
)

When additional email sending functionality is needed, use EmailMessage or EmailMultiAlternatives. For example, to send a multipart email that includes both HTML and plain text versions with a specific template and custom headers, you can use the following approach:

from django.core.mail import EmailMultiAlternatives
from django.template.loader import render_to_string

# First, render the plain text content.
text_content = render_to_string(
    "templates/emails/my_email.txt",
    context={"my_variable": 42},
)

# Secondly, render the HTML content.
html_content = render_to_string(
    "templates/emails/my_email.html",
    context={"my_variable": 42},
)

# Then, create a multipart email instance.
msg = EmailMultiAlternatives(
    subject="Subject here",
    body=text_content,
    from_email="from@example.com",
    to=["to@example.com"],
    headers={"List-Unsubscribe": "<mailto:unsub@example.com>"},
)

# Lastly, attach the HTML content to the email instance and send.
msg.attach_alternative(html_content, "text/html")
msg.send()

O email é enviado usando o host e porta SMTP especificados em EMAIL_HOST e EMAIL_PORT. As configurações EMAIL_HOST_USER e EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD, se definidas, são usadas para autenticar no servidor SMTP, e as configurações EMAIL_USE_TLS e EMAIL_USE_SSL controlam se uma conexão segura deve ou não ser usada.

Nota

O conjunto de caracteres do email enviado com django.core.mail será definido como sendo o valor da configuração DEFAULT_CHARSET.

send_mail()

send_mail(subject, message, from_email, recipient_list, *, fail_silently=False, auth_user=None, auth_password=None, connection=None, html_message=None)[código-fonte]

In most cases, you can send email using django.core.mail.send_mail().

Os parâmetros subject, message, from_email e recipient_list devem ser informados.

  • subject: uma string.

  • message: uma string.

  • from_email: A string. If None, Django will use the value of the DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL setting.

  • recipient_list: uma lista de strings, onde cada item representa um endereço de email. Cada membro de recipient_list verá os outros recipientes no campo “To:” da mensagem de email.

The following parameters are optional, and must be given as keyword arguments if used.

  • fail_silently: A boolean. When it’s False, send_mail() will raise an smtplib.SMTPException if an error occurs. See the smtplib docs for a list of possible exceptions, all of which are subclasses of SMTPException.

  • auth_user: O username opcional para ser usado na autenticação do servidor SMTP. Se isso não for fornecido, o Django irá usar o valor da configuração EMAIL_HOST_USER.

  • auth_password: A senha opcional para ser usada na autenticação no servidor SMTP. Se isso não for fornecido, o Django irá usar o valor da configuração EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD.

  • connection: O backend opcional a ser usado para o de email. Se indefinido, uma instância do backend default será usada. Veja a documentação em Email backends para mais detalhes.

  • html_message: Se html_message for fornecido, o email resultante será um multipart/alternative email com message sendo do tipo text/plain e html_message sendo do tipo text/html.

O valor retornado será o número de mensagens entregues com sucesso (o que pode ser 0 ou 1 já que ele só pode enviar uma mensagem).

Deprecated since version 6.0: Passing fail_silently and later parameters as positional arguments is deprecated.

send_mass_mail()

send_mass_mail(datatuple, *, fail_silently=False, auth_user=None, auth_password=None, connection=None)[código-fonte]

django.core.mail.send_mass_mail() foi pensado para manipular envios massivos de email.

datatuple é uma tupla na qual cada elemento possui o seguinte formato:

(subject, message, from_email, recipient_list)

fail_silently, auth_user, auth_password and connection have the same functions as in send_mail(). They must be given as keyword arguments if used.

Each separate element of datatuple results in a separate email message. As in send_mail(), recipients in the same recipient_list will all see the other addresses in the email messages’ “To:” field.

Por exemplo, o código abaixo enviaria duas mensagens diferentes para dois conjuntos diferentes de destinatários; porém, somente uma conexão para o servidor de email seria aberta:

message1 = (
    "Subject here",
    "Here is the message",
    "from@example.com",
    ["first@example.com", "other@example.com"],
)
message2 = (
    "Another Subject",
    "Here is another message",
    "from@example.com",
    ["second@test.com"],
)
send_mass_mail((message1, message2), fail_silently=False)

O valor de retorno será o número de mensagens entregues com sucesso.

Deprecated since version 6.0: Passing fail_silently and later parameters as positional arguments is deprecated.

send_mass_mail() vs. send_mail()

The main difference between send_mass_mail() and send_mail() is that send_mail() opens a connection to the mail server each time it’s executed, while send_mass_mail() uses a single connection for all of its messages. This makes send_mass_mail() slightly more efficient.

mail_admins()

mail_admins(subject, message, *, fail_silently=False, connection=None, html_message=None)[código-fonte]

django.core.mail.mail_admins() é um atalho para o envio de email para os admins do site, conforme definido na configuração ADMINS setting.

mail_admins() prefixa o conteúdo com o valor da configuração EMAIL_SUBJECT_PREFIX, que é "[Django] " por padrão.

O cabeçalho “From:” do email será o valor da configuração SERVER_EMAIL.

Esse método existe por conveniência e legibilidade.

Se html_message é fornecido, o email resultante será um email do tipo multipart/alternative com message sendo do tipo text/plain e html_message sendo do tipo text/html.

Deprecated since version 6.0: Passing fail_silently and later parameters as positional arguments is deprecated.

mail_managers()

mail_managers(subject, message, *, fail_silently=False, connection=None, html_message=None)[código-fonte]

django.core.mail.mail_managers() é parecido com mail_admins(), exceto pelo fato de que ele envia um email para os mantenedores do site, conforme definido na configuração MANAGERS.

Deprecated since version 6.0: Passing fail_silently and later parameters as positional arguments is deprecated.

Exemplos

Isso envia um único email para john@example.com e jane@example.com, com ambos aparecendo no campo “To:”:

send_mail(
    "Subject",
    "Message.",
    "from@example.com",
    ["john@example.com", "jane@example.com"],
)

This sends a message to john@example.com and jane@example.com, with them both receiving a separate email:

datatuple = (
    ("Subject", "Message.", "from@example.com", ["john@example.com"]),
    ("Subject", "Message.", "from@example.com", ["jane@example.com"]),
)
send_mass_mail(datatuple)

Prevenindo injeção de cabeçalhos

injeção de cabeçalhos é uma vulnerabilidade de segurança onde um atacante insere cabeçalhos extras no email para controlar os campos “To:” e “From:” em mensagens de email geradas pelos seus scripts.

The Django email functions outlined above all protect against header injection by forbidding newlines in header values. If any subject, from_email or recipient_list contains a newline (in either Unix, Windows or Mac style), the email function (e.g. send_mail()) will raise ValueError and, hence, will not send the email. It’s your responsibility to validate all data before passing it to the email functions.

If a message contains headers at the start of the string, the headers will be printed as the first bit of the email message.

Here’s an example view that takes a subject, message and from_email from the request’s POST data, sends that to admin@example.com and redirects to “/contact/thanks/” when it’s done:

from django.core.mail import send_mail
from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect


def send_email(request):
    subject = request.POST.get("subject", "")
    message = request.POST.get("message", "")
    from_email = request.POST.get("from_email", "")
    if subject and message and from_email:
        try:
            send_mail(subject, message, from_email, ["admin@example.com"])
        except ValueError:
            return HttpResponse("Invalid header found.")
        return HttpResponseRedirect("/contact/thanks/")
    else:
        # In reality we'd use a form class
        # to get proper validation errors.
        return HttpResponse("Make sure all fields are entered and valid.")
Changed in Django 6.0:

Older versions raised django.core.mail.BadHeaderError for some invalid headers. This has been replaced with ValueError.

A classe EmailMessage

Django’s send_mail() and send_mass_mail() functions are actually thin wrappers that make use of the EmailMessage class.

Not all features of the EmailMessage class are available through the send_mail() and related wrapper functions. If you wish to use advanced features, such as BCC’ed recipients, file attachments, or multi-part email, you’ll need to create EmailMessage instances directly.

Nota

This is a design feature. send_mail() and related functions were originally the only interface Django provided. However, the list of parameters they accepted was slowly growing over time. It made sense to move to a more object-oriented design for email messages and retain the original functions only for backwards compatibility.

EmailMessage is responsible for creating the email message itself. The email backend is then responsible for sending the email.

For convenience, EmailMessage provides a send() method for sending a single email. If you need to send multiple messages, the email backend API provides an alternative.

Objetos EmailMessage

class EmailMessage[código-fonte]

The EmailMessage class is initialized with the following parameters. All parameters are optional and can be set at any time prior to calling the send() method.

The first four parameters can be passed as positional or keyword arguments, but must be in the given order if positional arguments are used:

  • subject: A linha de assunto do email.

  • body: O corpo do texto. Deve ser uma mensagem em texto simples.

  • from_email: The sender’s address. Both fred@example.com and "Fred" <fred@example.com> forms are legal. If omitted, the DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL setting is used.

  • to: Uma lista de tuplas de endereços dos destinatários.

The following parameters must be given as keyword arguments if used:

  • cc: uma lista ou tupla de endereços de destinatários usados no cabeçalho “Cc” no envio do email.

  • bcc: uma lista de tuplas de endereços usados no cabeçalho “Bcc” ao enviar o email.

  • reply_to: uma lista ou tupla de endereços de destinatários usados no cabeçalho “Reply-To” no envio do email.

  • attachments: A list of attachments to put on the message. Each can be an instance of MIMEPart or EmailAttachment, or a tuple with attributes (filename, content, mimetype).

    Changed in Django 5.2:

    Support for EmailAttachment items of attachments was added.

    Changed in Django 6.0:

    Support for MIMEPart objects in the attachments list was added.

    Deprecated since version 6.0: Support for Python’s legacy MIMEBase objects in attachments is deprecated. Use MIMEPart instead.

  • headers: um dicionário de cabeçalhos extras para colocar na mensagem. As chaves são os nomes dos cabeçalhos, valores são os valores do cabeçalho. É responsabilidade de quem chama garantir que os nomes e valores dos cabeçalhos estão no formato correto para uma mensagem de email. O atributo correspondente é extra_headers.

  • connection: An email backend instance. Use this parameter if you are sending the EmailMessage via send() and you want to use the same connection for multiple messages. If omitted, a new connection is created when send() is called. This parameter is ignored when using send_messages().

Deprecated since version 6.0: Passing all except the first four parameters as positional arguments is deprecated.

Por exemplo:

from django.core.mail import EmailMessage

email = EmailMessage(
    subject="Hello",
    body="Body goes here",
    from_email="from@example.com",
    to=["to1@example.com", "to2@example.com"],
    bcc=["bcc@example.com"],
    reply_to=["another@example.com"],
    headers={"Message-ID": "foo"},
)

A classe possui os seguintes métodos:

send(fail_silently=False)[código-fonte]

Sends the message. If a connection was specified when the email was constructed, that connection will be used. Otherwise, an instance of the default backend will be instantiated and used. If the keyword argument fail_silently is True, exceptions raised while sending the message will be quashed. An empty list of recipients will not raise an exception. It will return 1 if the message was sent successfully, otherwise 0.

message(policy=email.policy.default)[código-fonte]

Constructs and returns a Python email.message.EmailMessage object representing the message to be sent.

The keyword argument policy allows specifying the set of rules for updating and serializing the representation of the message. It must be an email.policy.Policy object. Defaults to email.policy.default. In certain cases you may want to use SMTP, SMTPUTF8 or a custom policy. For example, django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend uses the SMTP policy to ensure \r\n line endings as required by the SMTP protocol.

If you ever need to extend Django’s EmailMessage class, you’ll probably want to override this method to put the content you want into the Python EmailMessage object.

Changed in Django 6.0:

The policy keyword argument was added and the return type was updated to an instance of EmailMessage.

recipients()[código-fonte]

Returns a list of all the recipients of the message, whether they’re recorded in the to, cc or bcc attributes. This is another method you might need to override when subclassing, because the SMTP server needs to be told the full list of recipients when the message is sent. If you add another way to specify recipients in your class, they need to be returned from this method as well.

attach(filename, content, mimetype)[código-fonte]
attach(mimepart)

Creates a new attachment and adds it to the message. There are two ways to call attach():

  • You can pass it three arguments: filename, content and mimetype. filename is the name of the file attachment as it will appear in the email, content is the data that will be contained inside the attachment and mimetype is the optional MIME type for the attachment. If you omit mimetype, the MIME content type will be guessed from the filename of the attachment.

    Por exemplo:

    message.attach("design.png", img_data, "image/png")

    If you specify a mimetype of message/rfc822, content can be a django.core.mail.EmailMessage or Python’s email.message.EmailMessage or email.message.Message.

    For a mimetype starting with text/, content is expected to be a string. Binary data will be decoded using UTF-8, and if that fails, the MIME type will be changed to application/octet-stream and the data will be attached unchanged.

  • Or for attachments requiring additional headers or parameters, you can pass attach() a single Python MIMEPart object. This will be attached directly to the resulting message. For example, to attach an inline image with a Content-ID:

    cid = email.utils.make_msgid()
inline_image = email.message.MIMEPart()
inline_image.set_content(
    image_data_bytes,
    maintype="image",
    subtype="png",
    disposition="inline",
    cid=f"<{cid}>",
)
message.attach(inline_image)
message.attach_alternative(f'… <img src="cid:${cid}"> …', "text/html")

    Python’s email.contentmanager.set_content() documentation describes the supported arguments for MIMEPart.set_content().

    Changed in Django 6.0:

    Support for MIMEPart attachments was added.

    Deprecated since version 6.0: Support for email.mime.base.MIMEBase attachments is deprecated. Use MIMEPart instead.

attach_file(path, mimetype=None)[código-fonte]

Creates a new attachment using a file from your filesystem. Call it with the path of the file to attach and, optionally, the MIME type to use for the attachment. If the MIME type is omitted, it will be guessed from the filename. You can use it like this:

message.attach_file("/images/weather_map.png")

For MIME types starting with text/, binary data is handled as in attach().

class EmailAttachment
New in Django 5.2.

A named tuple to store attachments to an email.

The named tuple has the following indexes:

  • filename

  • content

  • mimetype

Enviando tipos de conteúdo alternativos

Sending multiple content versions

It can be useful to include multiple versions of the content in an email; the classic example is to send both text and HTML versions of a message. With Django’s email library, you can do this using the EmailMultiAlternatives class.

class EmailMultiAlternatives[código-fonte]

A subclass of EmailMessage that allows additional versions of the message body in the email via the attach_alternative() method. This directly inherits all methods (including the class initialization) from EmailMessage.

alternatives

A list of EmailAlternative named tuples. This is particularly useful in tests:

self.assertEqual(len(msg.alternatives), 1)
self.assertEqual(msg.alternatives[0].content, html_content)
self.assertEqual(msg.alternatives[0].mimetype, "text/html")

Alternatives should only be added using the attach_alternative() method, or passed to the constructor.

Changed in Django 5.2:

In older versions, alternatives was a list of regular tuples, as opposed to EmailAlternative named tuples.

attach_alternative(content, mimetype)[código-fonte]

Attach an alternative representation of the message body in the email.

For example, to send a text and HTML combination, you could write:

from django.core.mail import EmailMultiAlternatives

subject = "hello"
from_email = "from@example.com"
to = "to@example.com"
text_content = "This is an important message."
html_content = "<p>This is an <strong>important</strong> message.</p>"
msg = EmailMultiAlternatives(subject, text_content, from_email, [to])
msg.attach_alternative(html_content, "text/html")
msg.send()
body_contains(text)[código-fonte]
New in Django 5.2.

Returns a boolean indicating whether the provided text is contained in the email body and in all attached MIME type text/* alternatives.

This can be useful when testing emails. For example:

def test_contains_email_content(self):
    subject = "Hello World"
    from_email = "from@example.com"
    to = "to@example.com"
    msg = EmailMultiAlternatives(subject, "I am content.", from_email, [to])
    msg.attach_alternative("<p>I am content.</p>", "text/html")

    self.assertIs(msg.body_contains("I am content"), True)
    self.assertIs(msg.body_contains("<p>I am content.</p>"), False)
class EmailAlternative
New in Django 5.2.

A named tuple to store alternative versions of email content.

The named tuple has the following indexes:

  • content

  • mimetype

Updating the default content type

By default, the MIME type of the body parameter in an EmailMessage is "text/plain". It is good practice to leave this alone, because it guarantees that any recipient will be able to read the email, regardless of their mail client. However, if you are confident that your recipients can handle an alternative content type, you can use the content_subtype attribute on the EmailMessage class to change the main content type. The major type will always be "text", but you can change the subtype. For example:

msg = EmailMessage(subject, html_content, from_email, [to])
msg.content_subtype = "html"  # Main content is now text/html
msg.send()

Backends de email

O envio de email em si é manipulado pelo email backend.

A classe do email backend tem os métodos a seguir:

  • open() instancia uma conexão de longa duração para envio de email.

  • close() fecha a conexão atual de envio de email.

  • send_messages(email_messages) sends a list of EmailMessage objects. If the connection is not open, this call will implicitly open the connection, and close the connection afterward. If the connection is already open, it will be left open after mail has been sent.

Ela também pode ser usada como em um gerenciador de contexto, que irá automaticamente chamar open() e close() conforme necessário:

from django.core import mail

with mail.get_connection() as connection:
    mail.EmailMessage(
        subject1,
        body1,
        from1,
        [to1],
        connection=connection,
    ).send()
    mail.EmailMessage(
        subject2,
        body2,
        from2,
        [to2],
        connection=connection,
    ).send()

Obtendo uma instância de um email backend

The get_connection() function in django.core.mail returns an instance of the email backend that you can use.

get_connection(backend=None, *, fail_silently=False, **kwargs)[código-fonte]

Por padrão, uma chamada para get_connection() irá retornar uma instância do email backend definido em EMAIL_BACKEND. Se você especificar o argumento backend, uma instância desse backend será criada.

The keyword-only fail_silently argument controls how the backend should handle errors. If fail_silently is True, exceptions during the email sending process will be silently ignored.

All other keyword arguments are passed directly to the constructor of the email backend.

O Django é fornecido com vários backends de envio de email. Com exceção do backend SMTP (que é o padrão), esses backends só são úteis durante testes e desenvolvimento. Se você tiver requisitos especiais de envio de email, você pode escrever o seu próprio email backend.

Deprecated since version 6.0: Passing fail_silently as positional argument is deprecated.

SMTP backend

class backends.smtp.EmailBackend(host=None, port=None, username=None, password=None, use_tls=None, fail_silently=False, use_ssl=None, timeout=None, ssl_keyfile=None, ssl_certfile=None, **kwargs)

Este é o backend padrão. Email será enviado através de um servidor SMTP.

O valor de cada argumento é obtido da respectiva configuração se o argumento for None:

O backend SMTP é a configuração padrão herdada do Django. Se você quiser especificá-la explicitamente, adicione o seguinte as suas configurações:

EMAIL_BACKEND = "django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend"

If unspecified, the default timeout will be the one provided by socket.getdefaulttimeout(), which defaults to None (no timeout).

Console backend

Ao invés de enviar emails reais o console backend escreve esses emails que poderiam ser enviados na saída padrão. Por padrão, o console backend direciona para stdout. Você pode usar diferentes objetos fornecendo o argumento nomeado stream ao construir a conexão.

Para especificar esse backend, coloque o seguinte nas suas configurações:

EMAIL_BACKEND = "django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend"

Esse backend não é intencionado para uso em produção – ele é fornecido como uma conveniência que pode ser usado durante o desenvolvimento.

File backend

The file backend writes emails to a file. A new file is created for each new session that is opened on this backend. The directory to which the files are written is either taken from the EMAIL_FILE_PATH setting or from the file_path keyword when creating a connection with get_connection().

Para especificar esse backend, coloque o seguinte nas suas configurações:

EMAIL_BACKEND = "django.core.mail.backends.filebased.EmailBackend"
EMAIL_FILE_PATH = "/tmp/app-messages"  # change this to a proper location

Esse backend não é intencionado para uso em produção – ele é fornecido como uma conveniência que pode ser usado durante o desenvolvimento.

In-memory backend

The 'locmem' backend stores messages in a special attribute of the django.core.mail module. The outbox attribute is created when the first message is sent. It’s a list with an EmailMessage instance for each message that would be sent.

Para especificar esse backend, coloque o seguinte nas suas configurações:

EMAIL_BACKEND = "django.core.mail.backends.locmem.EmailBackend"

Esse backend não é intencionado para uso em produção – ele é fornecido como uma conveniência que pode ser usado durante o desenvolvimento e teste.

Django’s test runner automatically uses this backend for testing.

Dummy backend

Como o nome sugere o dummy backend não faz nada com suas mensagens. Para definir esse backend, coloque o seguinte em suas configurações:

EMAIL_BACKEND = "django.core.mail.backends.dummy.EmailBackend"

Esse backend não é intencionado para uso em produção – ele é fornecido como uma conveniência que pode ser usado durante o desenvolvimento.

There are community-maintained solutions too!

Django has a vibrant ecosystem. There are email backends highlighted on the Community Ecosystem page. The Django Packages Email grid has even more options for you!

Definindo um email backend customizado

Se você precisa mudar como os emails são enviados você pode escrever o seu próprio email backend. A configuração EMAIL_BACKEND em seu arquivo de configurações é então o caminho Python do import para a sua classe backend.

Custom email backends should subclass BaseEmailBackend that is located in the django.core.mail.backends.base module. A custom email backend must implement the send_messages(email_messages) method. This method receives a list of EmailMessage instances and returns the number of successfully delivered messages. If your backend has any concept of a persistent session or connection, you should also implement the open() and close() methods. Refer to smtp.EmailBackend for a reference implementation.

Enviando mútiplos emails

Estabelecer e fechar uma conexão SMTP (ou qualquer outra conexão de rede, nesse caso) é um processo custoso. Se você tem muitos emails para enviar, faz sentido reutilizar uma conexão SMTP, ao invés de criar e destruir uma conexão toda vez que você desejar enviar um email.

Existem duas maneiras de dizer a um email backend para reutilizar uma conexão.

Firstly, you can use the send_messages() method on a connection. This takes a list of EmailMessage (or subclass) instances, and sends them all using that single connection. As a consequence, any connection set on an individual message is ignored.

For example, if you have a function called get_notification_email() that returns a list of EmailMessage objects representing some periodic email you wish to send out, you could send these emails using a single call to send_messages():

from django.core import mail

connection = mail.get_connection()  # Use default email connection
messages = get_notification_email()
connection.send_messages(messages)

Neste exemplo, a chamada send_messages() abre uma conexão no backend, envia a lista de mensagens, e então fecha a conexão novamente.

A segunda abordagem é usar os métodos open() e close() no backend de email para manualmente controlar a conexão. send_messages() não irá abrir ou fechar manualmente a conexão se ela já estiver aberta, se você manualmente abrir a conexão, você pode controlar quando ela será fechada. Por exemplo:

from django.core import mail

connection = mail.get_connection()

# Manually open the connection
connection.open()

# Construct an email message that uses the connection
email1 = mail.EmailMessage(
    "Hello",
    "Body goes here",
    "from@example.com",
    ["to1@example.com"],
    connection=connection,
)
email1.send()  # Send the email

# Construct two more messages
email2 = mail.EmailMessage(
    "Hello",
    "Body goes here",
    "from@example.com",
    ["to2@example.com"],
)
email3 = mail.EmailMessage(
    "Hello",
    "Body goes here",
    "from@example.com",
    ["to3@example.com"],
)

# Send the two emails in a single call -
connection.send_messages([email2, email3])
# The connection was already open so send_messages() doesn't close it.
# We need to manually close the connection.
connection.close()

Configurando o email para o desenvolvimento

Existem momentos em que você não quer que o Django envie quaisquer emails. Por exemplo, enquanto estiver desenvolvendo um website, você provavelmente não quer enviar milhares de emails – mas você pode querer validar que esses email serão enviados para as pessoas certas nas condições certas, e que esses emails irão conter o conteúdo correto.

The easiest way to configure email for local development is to use the console email backend. This backend redirects all email to stdout, allowing you to inspect the content of mail.

O file email backend também pode ser útil durante o desenvolvimento – esse backend despeja o conteúdo de todoas as conexões SMTP para um arquivo que pode ser inspecionado quando você desejar.

Another approach is to use a “dumb” SMTP server that receives the emails locally and displays them to the terminal, but does not actually send anything. The aiosmtpd package provides a way to accomplish this:

python -m pip install "aiosmtpd >= 1.4.5"

python -m aiosmtpd -n -l localhost:8025

This command will start a minimal SMTP server listening on port 8025 of localhost. This server prints to standard output all email headers and the email body. You then only need to set the EMAIL_HOST and EMAIL_PORT accordingly. For a more detailed discussion of SMTP server options, see the documentation of the aiosmtpd module.

Para mais informações sobre testes unitários no envio de emails em suas aplicações, veja a seção Serviços de E-mail sobre testes da documentação.

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