The Django admin site

One of the most powerful parts of Django is the automatic admin interface. It reads metadata from your models to provide a quick, model-centric interface where trusted users can manage content on your site. The admin's recommended use is limited to an organization's internal management tool. It's not intended for building your entire front end around.

The admin has many hooks for customization, but beware of trying to use those hooks exclusively. If you need to provide a more process-centric interface that abstracts away the implementation details of database tables and fields, then it's probably time to write your own views.

In this document we discuss how to activate, use, and customize Django's admin interface.

Overview

The admin is enabled in the default project template used by startproject.

If you're not using the default project template, here are the requirements:

1. Add 'django.contrib.admin' and its dependencies - django.contrib.auth, django.contrib.contenttypes, django.contrib.messages, and django.contrib.sessions - to your INSTALLED_APPS setting.
2. Configure a DjangoTemplates backend in your TEMPLATES setting with django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth and django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages in the 'context_processors' option of OPTIONS.
3. If you've customized the MIDDLEWARE setting, django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware and django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware must be included.
4. Hook the admin's URLs into your URLconf.

After you've taken these steps, you'll be able to use the admin site by visiting the URL you hooked it into (/admin/, by default).

If you need to create a user to login with, use the createsuperuser command. By default, logging in to the admin requires that the user has the is_superuser or is_staff attribute set to True.

Finally, determine which of your application's models should be editable in the admin interface. For each of those models, register them with the admin as described in ModelAdmin.

Other topics

• Admin actions
• The Django admin documentation generator
• JavaScript customizations in the admin

더 보기

For information about serving the static files (images, JavaScript, and CSS) associated with the admin in production, see Serving files.

Having problems? Try 자주 묻는 질문: 관리자.

ModelAdmin objects

class ModelAdmin

The ModelAdmin class is the representation of a model in the admin interface. Usually, these are stored in a file named admin.py in your application. Let's take a look at an example of the ModelAdmin:

from django.contrib import admin
from myproject.myapp.models import Author

class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    pass
admin.site.register(Author, AuthorAdmin)

Do you need a ModelAdmin object at all?

In the preceding example, the ModelAdmin class doesn't define any custom values (yet). As a result, the default admin interface will be provided. If you are happy with the default admin interface, you don't need to define a ModelAdmin object at all -- you can register the model class without providing a ModelAdmin description. The preceding example could be simplified to:

from django.contrib import admin
from myproject.myapp.models import Author

admin.site.register(Author)

The register decorator

register(*models, site=django.contrib.admin.sites.site)

There is also a decorator for registering your ModelAdmin classes:

from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Author

@admin.register(Author)
class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    pass

It's given one or more model classes to register with the ModelAdmin. If you're using a custom AdminSite, pass it using the site keyword argument:

from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Author, Editor, Reader
from myproject.admin_site import custom_admin_site

@admin.register(Author, Reader, Editor, site=custom_admin_site)
class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    pass

You can't use this decorator if you have to reference your model admin class in its __init__() method, e.g. super(PersonAdmin, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs). You can use super().__init__(*args, **kwargs).

Discovery of admin files

When you put 'django.contrib.admin' in your INSTALLED_APPS setting, Django automatically looks for an admin module in each application and imports it.

class apps.AdminConfig

This is the default AppConfig class for the admin. It calls autodiscover() when Django starts.

class apps.SimpleAdminConfig

This class works like AdminConfig, except it doesn't call autodiscover().

default_site

A dotted import path to the default admin site's class or to a callable that returns a site instance. Defaults to 'django.contrib.admin.sites.AdminSite'. See Overriding the default admin site for usage.

autodiscover()

This function attempts to import an admin module in each installed application. Such modules are expected to register models with the admin.

Typically you won't need to call this function directly as AdminConfig calls it when Django starts.

If you are using a custom AdminSite, it is common to import all of the ModelAdmin subclasses into your code and register them to the custom AdminSite. In that case, in order to disable auto-discovery, you should put 'django.contrib.admin.apps.SimpleAdminConfig' instead of 'django.contrib.admin' in your INSTALLED_APPS setting.

ModelAdmin options

The ModelAdmin is very flexible. It has several options for dealing with customizing the interface. All options are defined on the ModelAdmin subclass:

from django.contrib import admin

class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    date_hierarchy = 'pub_date'

ModelAdmin.actions

A list of actions to make available on the change list page. See Admin actions for details.

ModelAdmin.actions_on_top

ModelAdmin.actions_on_bottom

Controls where on the page the actions bar appears. By default, the admin changelist displays actions at the top of the page (actions_on_top = True; actions_on_bottom = False).

ModelAdmin.actions_selection_counter

Controls whether a selection counter is displayed next to the action dropdown. By default, the admin changelist will display it (actions_selection_counter = True).

ModelAdmin.date_hierarchy

Set date_hierarchy to the name of a DateField or DateTimeField in your model, and the change list page will include a date-based drilldown navigation by that field.

Example:

date_hierarchy = 'pub_date'

You can also specify a field on a related model using the __ lookup, for example:

date_hierarchy = 'author__pub_date'

This will intelligently populate itself based on available data, e.g. if all the dates are in one month, it'll show the day-level drill-down only.

주석

date_hierarchy uses QuerySet.datetimes() internally. Please refer to its documentation for some caveats when time zone support is enabled (USE_TZ = True).

ModelAdmin.empty_value_display

This attribute overrides the default display value for record's fields that are empty (None, empty string, etc.). The default value is - (a dash). For example:

from django.contrib import admin

class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    empty_value_display = '-empty-'

You can also override empty_value_display for all admin pages with AdminSite.empty_value_display, or for specific fields like this:

from django.contrib import admin

class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    fields = ('name', 'title', 'view_birth_date')

    def view_birth_date(self, obj):
        return obj.birth_date

    view_birth_date.empty_value_display = '???'

ModelAdmin.exclude

This attribute, if given, should be a list of field names to exclude from the form.

For example, let's consider the following model:

from django.db import models

class Author(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    title = models.CharField(max_length=3)
    birth_date = models.DateField(blank=True, null=True)

If you want a form for the Author model that includes only the name and title fields, you would specify fields or exclude like this:

from django.contrib import admin

class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    fields = ('name', 'title')

class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    exclude = ('birth_date',)

Since the Author model only has three fields, name, title, and birth_date, the forms resulting from the above declarations will contain exactly the same fields.

ModelAdmin.fields

Use the fields option to make simple layout changes in the forms on the "add" and "change" pages such as showing only a subset of available fields, modifying their order, or grouping them into rows. For example, you could define a simpler version of the admin form for the django.contrib.flatpages.models.FlatPage model as follows:

class FlatPageAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    fields = ('url', 'title', 'content')

In the above example, only the fields url, title and content will be displayed, sequentially, in the form. fields can contain values defined in ModelAdmin.readonly_fields to be displayed as read-only.

For more complex layout needs, see the fieldsets option.

The fields option accepts the same types of values as list_display, except that callables aren't accepted. Names of model and model admin methods will only be used if they're listed in readonly_fields.

To display multiple fields on the same line, wrap those fields in their own tuple. In this example, the url and title fields will display on the same line and the content field will be displayed below them on its own line:

class FlatPageAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    fields = (('url', 'title'), 'content')

Note

This fields option should not be confused with the fields dictionary key that is within the fieldsets option, as described in the next section.

If neither fields nor fieldsets options are present, Django will default to displaying each field that isn't an AutoField and has editable=True, in a single fieldset, in the same order as the fields are defined in the model.

ModelAdmin.fieldsets

Set fieldsets to control the layout of admin "add" and "change" pages.

fieldsets is a list of two-tuples, in which each two-tuple represents a <fieldset> on the admin form page. (A <fieldset> is a "section" of the form.)

The two-tuples are in the format (name, field_options), where name is a string representing the title of the fieldset and field_options is a dictionary of information about the fieldset, including a list of fields to be displayed in it.

A full example, taken from the django.contrib.flatpages.models.FlatPage model:

from django.contrib import admin

class FlatPageAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    fieldsets = (
        (None, {
            'fields': ('url', 'title', 'content', 'sites')
        }),
        ('Advanced options', {
            'classes': ('collapse',),
            'fields': ('registration_required', 'template_name'),
        }),
    )

This results in an admin page that looks like:

If neither fieldsets nor fields options are present, Django will default to displaying each field that isn't an AutoField and has editable=True, in a single fieldset, in the same order as the fields are defined in the model.

The field_options dictionary can have the following keys:

• fields

  A tuple of field names to display in this fieldset. This key is required.

  Example:

  {
  'fields': ('first_name', 'last_name', 'address', 'city', 'state'),
  }
  

  As with the fields option, to display multiple fields on the same line, wrap those fields in their own tuple. In this example, the first_name and last_name fields will display on the same line:

  {
  'fields': (('first_name', 'last_name'), 'address', 'city', 'state'),
  }
  

  fields can contain values defined in readonly_fields to be displayed as read-only.

  If you add the name of a callable to fields, the same rule applies as with the fields option: the callable must be listed in readonly_fields.

• classes

  A list or tuple containing extra CSS classes to apply to the fieldset.

  Example:

  {
  'classes': ('wide', 'extrapretty'),
  }
  

  Two useful classes defined by the default admin site stylesheet are collapse and wide. Fieldsets with the collapse style will be initially collapsed in the admin and replaced with a small "click to expand" link. Fieldsets with the wide style will be given extra horizontal space.

• description

  A string of optional extra text to be displayed at the top of each fieldset, under the heading of the fieldset. This string is not rendered for TabularInline due to its layout.

  Note that this value is not HTML-escaped when it's displayed in the admin interface. This lets you include HTML if you so desire. Alternatively you can use plain text and django.utils.html.escape() to escape any HTML special characters.

ModelAdmin.filter_horizontal

By default, a ManyToManyField is displayed in the admin site with a <select multiple>. However, multiple-select boxes can be difficult to use when selecting many items. Adding a ManyToManyField to this list will instead use a nifty unobtrusive JavaScript "filter" interface that allows searching within the options. The unselected and selected options appear in two boxes side by side. See filter_vertical to use a vertical interface.

ModelAdmin.filter_vertical

Same as filter_horizontal, but uses a vertical display of the filter interface with the box of unselected options appearing above the box of selected options.

ModelAdmin.form

By default a ModelForm is dynamically created for your model. It is used to create the form presented on both the add/change pages. You can easily provide your own ModelForm to override any default form behavior on the add/change pages. Alternatively, you can customize the default form rather than specifying an entirely new one by using the ModelAdmin.get_form() method.

For an example see the section Adding custom validation to the admin.

Note

If you define the Meta.model attribute on a ModelForm, you must also define the Meta.fields attribute (or the Meta.exclude attribute). However, since the admin has its own way of defining fields, the Meta.fields attribute will be ignored.

If the ModelForm is only going to be used for the admin, the easiest solution is to omit the Meta.model attribute, since ModelAdmin will provide the correct model to use. Alternatively, you can set fields = [] in the Meta class to satisfy the validation on the ModelForm.

Note

If your ModelForm and ModelAdmin both define an exclude option then ModelAdmin takes precedence:

from django import forms
from django.contrib import admin
from myapp.models import Person

class PersonForm(forms.ModelForm):

    class Meta:
        model = Person
        exclude = ['name']

class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    exclude = ['age']
    form = PersonForm

In the above example, the "age" field will be excluded but the "name" field will be included in the generated form.

ModelAdmin.formfield_overrides

This provides a quick-and-dirty way to override some of the Field options for use in the admin. formfield_overrides is a dictionary mapping a field class to a dict of arguments to pass to the field at construction time.

Since that's a bit abstract, let's look at a concrete example. The most common use of formfield_overrides is to add a custom widget for a certain type of field. So, imagine we've written a RichTextEditorWidget that we'd like to use for large text fields instead of the default <textarea>. Here's how we'd do that:

from django.contrib import admin
from django.db import models

# Import our custom widget and our model from where they're defined
from myapp.models import MyModel
from myapp.widgets import RichTextEditorWidget

class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    formfield_overrides = {
        models.TextField: {'widget': RichTextEditorWidget},
    }

Note that the key in the dictionary is the actual field class, not a string. The value is another dictionary; these arguments will be passed to the form field's __init__() method. See The Forms API for details.

경고

If you want to use a custom widget with a relation field (i.e. ForeignKey or ManyToManyField), make sure you haven't included that field's name in raw_id_fields, radio_fields, or autocomplete_fields.

formfield_overrides won't let you change the widget on relation fields that have raw_id_fields, radio_fields, or autocomplete_fields set. That's because raw_id_fields, radio_fields, and autocomplete_fields imply custom widgets of their own.

ModelAdmin.inlines

See InlineModelAdmin objects below as well as ModelAdmin.get_formsets_with_inlines().

ModelAdmin.list_display

Set list_display to control which fields are displayed on the change list page of the admin.

Example:

list_display = ('first_name', 'last_name')

If you don't set list_display, the admin site will display a single column that displays the __str__() representation of each object.

There are four types of values that can be used in list_display:

• The name of a model field. For example:

  class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
      list_display = ('first_name', 'last_name')
  

• A callable that accepts one argument, the model instance. For example:

  def upper_case_name(obj):
      return ("%s %s" % (obj.first_name, obj.last_name)).upper()
  upper_case_name.short_description = 'Name'
  
  class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
      list_display = (upper_case_name,)
  

• A string representing a ModelAdmin method that accepts one argument, the model instance. For example:

  class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
      list_display = ('upper_case_name',)
  
      def upper_case_name(self, obj):
          return ("%s %s" % (obj.first_name, obj.last_name)).upper()
      upper_case_name.short_description = 'Name'
  

• A string representing a model attribute or method (without any required arguments). For example:

  from django.contrib import admin
  from django.db import models
  
  class Person(models.Model):
      name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
      birthday = models.DateField()
  
      def decade_born_in(self):
          return self.birthday.strftime('%Y')[:3] + "0's"
      decade_born_in.short_description = 'Birth decade'
  
  class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
      list_display = ('name', 'decade_born_in')
  

A few special cases to note about list_display:

• If the field is a ForeignKey, Django will display the __str__() of the related object.

• ManyToManyField fields aren't supported, because that would entail executing a separate SQL statement for each row in the table. If you want to do this nonetheless, give your model a custom method, and add that method's name to list_display. (See below for more on custom methods in list_display.)

• If the field is a BooleanField, Django will display a pretty "on" or "off" icon instead of True or False.

• If the string given is a method of the model, ModelAdmin or a callable, Django will HTML-escape the output by default. To escape user input and allow your own unescaped tags, use format_html().

  Here's a full example model:

  from django.contrib import admin
  from django.db import models
  from django.utils.html import format_html
  
  class Person(models.Model):
      first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
      last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
      color_code = models.CharField(max_length=6)
  
      def colored_name(self):
          return format_html(
              '<span style="color: #{};">{} {}</span>',
              self.color_code,
              self.first_name,
              self.last_name,
          )
  
  class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
      list_display = ('first_name', 'last_name', 'colored_name')
  

• As some examples have already demonstrated, when using a callable, a model method, or a ModelAdmin method, you can customize the column's title by adding a short_description attribute to the callable.

• If the value of a field is None, an empty string, or an iterable without elements, Django will display - (a dash). You can override this with AdminSite.empty_value_display:

  from django.contrib import admin
  
  admin.site.empty_value_display = '(None)'
  

  You can also use ModelAdmin.empty_value_display:

  class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
      empty_value_display = 'unknown'
  

  Or on a field level:

  class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
      list_display = ('name', 'birth_date_view')
  
      def birth_date_view(self, obj):
           return obj.birth_date
  
      birth_date_view.empty_value_display = 'unknown'
  

• If the string given is a method of the model, ModelAdmin or a callable that returns True or False Django will display a pretty "on" or "off" icon if you give the method a boolean attribute whose value is True.

  Here's a full example model:

  from django.contrib import admin
  from django.db import models
  
  class Person(models.Model):
      first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
      birthday = models.DateField()
  
      def born_in_fifties(self):
          return self.birthday.strftime('%Y')[:3] == '195'
      born_in_fifties.boolean = True
  
  class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
      list_display = ('name', 'born_in_fifties')
  

• The __str__() method is just as valid in list_display as any other model method, so it's perfectly OK to do this:

  list_display = ('__str__', 'some_other_field')
  

• Usually, elements of list_display that aren't actual database fields can't be used in sorting (because Django does all the sorting at the database level).

  However, if an element of list_display represents a certain database field, you can indicate this fact by setting the admin_order_field attribute of the item.

  For example:

  from django.contrib import admin
  from django.db import models
  from django.utils.html import format_html
  
  class Person(models.Model):
      first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
      color_code = models.CharField(max_length=6)
  
      def colored_first_name(self):
          return format_html(
              '<span style="color: #{};">{}</span>',
              self.color_code,
              self.first_name,
          )
  
      colored_first_name.admin_order_field = 'first_name'
  
  class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
      list_display = ('first_name', 'colored_first_name')
  

  The above will tell Django to order by the first_name field when trying to sort by colored_first_name in the admin.

  To indicate descending order with admin_order_field you can use a hyphen prefix on the field name. Using the above example, this would look like:

  colored_first_name.admin_order_field = '-first_name'
  

  admin_order_field supports query lookups to sort by values on related models. This example includes an "author first name" column in the list display and allows sorting it by first name:

  class Blog(models.Model):
      title = models.CharField(max_length=255)
      author = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
  
  class BlogAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
      list_display = ('title', 'author', 'author_first_name')
  
      def author_first_name(self, obj):
          return obj.author.first_name
  
      author_first_name.admin_order_field = 'author__first_name'
  

  Query expressions may be used in admin_order_field. For example:

  from django.db.models import Value
  from django.db.models.functions import Concat
  
  class Person(models.Model):
      first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
      last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
  
      def full_name(self):
          return self.first_name + ' ' + self.last_name
      full_name.admin_order_field = Concat('first_name', Value(' '), 'last_name')
  

• Elements of list_display can also be properties. Please note however, that due to the way properties work in Python, setting short_description or admin_order_field on a property is only possible when using the property() function and not with the @property decorator.

  For example:

  class Person(models.Model):
      first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
      last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
  
      def my_property(self):
          return self.first_name + ' ' + self.last_name
      my_property.short_description = "Full name of the person"
      my_property.admin_order_field = 'last_name'
  
      full_name = property(my_property)
  
  class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
      list_display = ('full_name',)
  

• The field names in list_display will also appear as CSS classes in the HTML output, in the form of column-<field_name> on each <th> element. This can be used to set column widths in a CSS file for example.

• Django will try to interpret every element of list_display in this order:

  • A field of the model.
  • A callable.
  • A string representing a ModelAdmin attribute.
  • A string representing a model attribute.

  For example if you have first_name as a model field and as a ModelAdmin attribute, the model field will be used.

ModelAdmin.list_display_links

Use list_display_links to control if and which fields in list_display should be linked to the "change" page for an object.

By default, the change list page will link the first column -- the first field specified in list_display -- to the change page for each item. But list_display_links lets you change this:

• Set it to None to get no links at all.

• Set it to a list or tuple of fields (in the same format as list_display) whose columns you want converted to links.

  You can specify one or many fields. As long as the fields appear in list_display, Django doesn't care how many (or how few) fields are linked. The only requirement is that if you want to use list_display_links in this fashion, you must define list_display.

In this example, the first_name and last_name fields will be linked on the change list page:

class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ('first_name', 'last_name', 'birthday')
    list_display_links = ('first_name', 'last_name')

In this example, the change list page grid will have no links:

class AuditEntryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ('timestamp', 'message')
    list_display_links = None

ModelAdmin.list_editable

Set list_editable to a list of field names on the model which will allow editing on the change list page. That is, fields listed in list_editable will be displayed as form widgets on the change list page, allowing users to edit and save multiple rows at once.

주석

list_editable interacts with a couple of other options in particular ways; you should note the following rules:

• Any field in list_editable must also be in list_display. You can't edit a field that's not displayed!
• The same field can't be listed in both list_editable and list_display_links -- a field can't be both a form and a link.

You'll get a validation error if either of these rules are broken.

ModelAdmin.list_filter

Set list_filter to activate filters in the right sidebar of the change list page of the admin, as illustrated in the following screenshot:

list_filter should be a list or tuple of elements, where each element should be of one of the following types:

• a field name, where the specified field should be either a BooleanField, CharField, DateField, DateTimeField, IntegerField, ForeignKey or ManyToManyField, for example:

  class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
      list_filter = ('is_staff', 'company')
  

  Field names in list_filter can also span relations using the __ lookup, for example:

  class PersonAdmin(admin.UserAdmin):
      list_filter = ('company__name',)
  

• a class inheriting from django.contrib.admin.SimpleListFilter, which you need to provide the title and parameter_name attributes to and override the lookups and queryset methods, e.g.:

  from datetime import date
  
  from django.contrib import admin
  from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
  
  class DecadeBornListFilter(admin.SimpleListFilter):
      # Human-readable title which will be displayed in the
      # right admin sidebar just above the filter options.
      title = _('decade born')
  
      # Parameter for the filter that will be used in the URL query.
      parameter_name = 'decade'
  
      def lookups(self, request, model_admin):
          """
          Returns a list of tuples. The first element in each
          tuple is the coded value for the option that will
          appear in the URL query. The second element is the
          human-readable name for the option that will appear
          in the right sidebar.
          """
          return (
              ('80s', _('in the eighties')),
              ('90s', _('in the nineties')),
          )
  
      def queryset(self, request, queryset):
          """
          Returns the filtered queryset based on the value
          provided in the query string and retrievable via
          `self.value()`.
          """
          # Compare the requested value (either '80s' or '90s')
          # to decide how to filter the queryset.
          if self.value() == '80s':
              return queryset.filter(birthday__gte=date(1980, 1, 1),
                                      birthday__lte=date(1989, 12, 31))
          if self.value() == '90s':
              return queryset.filter(birthday__gte=date(1990, 1, 1),
                                      birthday__lte=date(1999, 12, 31))
  
  class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
      list_filter = (DecadeBornListFilter,)
  

  주석

  As a convenience, the HttpRequest object is passed to the lookups and queryset methods, for example:

  class AuthDecadeBornListFilter(DecadeBornListFilter):
  
      def lookups(self, request, model_admin):
          if request.user.is_superuser:
              return super().lookups(request, model_admin)
  
      def queryset(self, request, queryset):
          if request.user.is_superuser:
              return super().queryset(request, queryset)
  

  Also as a convenience, the ModelAdmin object is passed to the lookups method, for example if you want to base the lookups on the available data:

  class AdvancedDecadeBornListFilter(DecadeBornListFilter):
  
      def lookups(self, request, model_admin):
          """
          Only show the lookups if there actually is
          anyone born in the corresponding decades.
          """
          qs = model_admin.get_queryset(request)
          if qs.filter(birthday__gte=date(1980, 1, 1),
                        birthday__lte=date(1989, 12, 31)).exists():
              yield ('80s', _('in the eighties'))
          if qs.filter(birthday__gte=date(1990, 1, 1),
                        birthday__lte=date(1999, 12, 31)).exists():
              yield ('90s', _('in the nineties'))
  

• a tuple, where the first element is a field name and the second element is a class inheriting from django.contrib.admin.FieldListFilter, for example:

  class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
      list_filter = (
          ('is_staff', admin.BooleanFieldListFilter),
      )
  

  You can limit the choices of a related model to the objects involved in that relation using RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter:

  class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
      list_filter = (
          ('author', admin.RelatedOnlyFieldListFilter),
      )
  

  Assuming author is a ForeignKey to a User model, this will limit the list_filter choices to the users who have written a book instead of listing all users.

  주석

  The FieldListFilter API is considered internal and might be changed.

List filter's typically appear only if the filter has more than one choice. A filter's has_output() method controls whether or not it appears.

It is possible to specify a custom template for rendering a list filter:

class FilterWithCustomTemplate(admin.SimpleListFilter):
    template = "custom_template.html"

See the default template provided by Django (admin/filter.html) for a concrete example.

ModelAdmin.list_max_show_all

Set list_max_show_all to control how many items can appear on a "Show all" admin change list page. The admin will display a "Show all" link on the change list only if the total result count is less than or equal to this setting. By default, this is set to 200.

ModelAdmin.list_per_page

Set list_per_page to control how many items appear on each paginated admin change list page. By default, this is set to 100.

ModelAdmin.list_select_related

Set list_select_related to tell Django to use select_related() in retrieving the list of objects on the admin change list page. This can save you a bunch of database queries.

The value should be either a boolean, a list or a tuple. Default is False.

When value is True, select_related() will always be called. When value is set to False, Django will look at list_display and call select_related() if any ForeignKey is present.

If you need more fine-grained control, use a tuple (or list) as value for list_select_related. Empty tuple will prevent Django from calling select_related at all. Any other tuple will be passed directly to select_related as parameters. For example:

class ArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_select_related = ('author', 'category')

will call select_related('author', 'category').

If you need to specify a dynamic value based on the request, you can implement a get_list_select_related() method.

주석

ModelAdmin ignores this attribute when select_related() was already called on the changelist's QuerySet.

ModelAdmin.ordering

Set ordering to specify how lists of objects should be ordered in the Django admin views. This should be a list or tuple in the same format as a model's ordering parameter.

If this isn't provided, the Django admin will use the model's default ordering.

If you need to specify a dynamic order (for example depending on user or language) you can implement a get_ordering() method.

Performance considerations with ordering and sorting

To ensure a deterministic ordering of results, the changelist adds pk to the ordering if it can't find a single or unique together set of fields that provide total ordering.

For example, if the default ordering is by a non-unique name field, then the changelist is sorted by name and pk. This could perform poorly if you have a lot of rows and don't have an index on name and pk.

ModelAdmin.paginator

The paginator class to be used for pagination. By default, django.core.paginator.Paginator is used. If the custom paginator class doesn't have the same constructor interface as django.core.paginator.Paginator, you will also need to provide an implementation for ModelAdmin.get_paginator().

ModelAdmin.prepopulated_fields

Set prepopulated_fields to a dictionary mapping field names to the fields it should prepopulate from:

class ArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    prepopulated_fields = {"slug": ("title",)}

When set, the given fields will use a bit of JavaScript to populate from the fields assigned. The main use for this functionality is to automatically generate the value for SlugField fields from one or more other fields. The generated value is produced by concatenating the values of the source fields, and then by transforming that result into a valid slug (e.g. substituting dashes for spaces; lowercasing ASCII letters; and removing various English stop words such as 'a', 'an', 'as', and similar).

Prepopulated fields aren't modified by JavaScript after a value has been saved. It's usually undesired that slugs change (which would cause an object's URL to change if the slug is used in it).

prepopulated_fields doesn't accept DateTimeField, ForeignKey, OneToOneField, and ManyToManyField fields.

ModelAdmin.preserve_filters

By default, applied filters are preserved on the list view after creating, editing, or deleting an object. You can have filters cleared by setting this attribute to False.

ModelAdmin.radio_fields

By default, Django's admin uses a select-box interface (<select>) for fields that are ForeignKey or have choices set. If a field is present in radio_fields, Django will use a radio-button interface instead. Assuming group is a ForeignKey on the Person model:

class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    radio_fields = {"group": admin.VERTICAL}

You have the choice of using HORIZONTAL or VERTICAL from the django.contrib.admin module.

Don't include a field in radio_fields unless it's a ForeignKey or has choices set.

ModelAdmin.autocomplete_fields

autocomplete_fields is a list of ForeignKey and/or ManyToManyField fields you would like to change to Select2 autocomplete inputs.

By default, the admin uses a select-box interface (<select>) for those fields. Sometimes you don't want to incur the overhead of selecting all the related instances to display in the dropdown.

The Select2 input looks similar to the default input but comes with a search feature that loads the options asynchronously. This is faster and more user-friendly if the related model has many instances.

You must define search_fields on the related object's ModelAdmin because the autocomplete search uses it.

To avoid unauthorized data disclosure, users must have the view or change permission to the related object in order to use autocomplete.

Ordering and pagination of the results are controlled by the related ModelAdmin's get_ordering() and get_paginator() methods.

In the following example, ChoiceAdmin has an autocomplete field for the ForeignKey to the Question. The results are filtered by the question_text field and ordered by the date_created field:

class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    ordering = ['date_created']
    search_fields = ['question_text']

class ChoiceAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    autocomplete_fields = ['question']

Performance considerations for large datasets

Ordering using ModelAdmin.ordering may cause performance problems as sorting on a large queryset will be slow.

Also, if your search fields include fields that aren't indexed by the database, you might encounter poor performance on extremely large tables.

For those cases, it's a good idea to write your own ModelAdmin.get_search_results() implementation using a full-text indexed search.

You may also want to change the Paginator on very large tables as the default paginator always performs a count() query. For example, you could override the default implementation of the Paginator.count property.

ModelAdmin.raw_id_fields

By default, Django's admin uses a select-box interface (<select>) for fields that are ForeignKey. Sometimes you don't want to incur the overhead of having to select all the related instances to display in the drop-down.

raw_id_fields is a list of fields you would like to change into an Input widget for either a ForeignKey or ManyToManyField:

class ArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    raw_id_fields = ("newspaper",)

The raw_id_fields Input widget should contain a primary key if the field is a ForeignKey or a comma separated list of values if the field is a ManyToManyField. The raw_id_fields widget shows a magnifying glass button next to the field which allows users to search for and select a value:

ModelAdmin.readonly_fields

By default the admin shows all fields as editable. Any fields in this option (which should be a list or tuple) will display its data as-is and non-editable; they are also excluded from the ModelForm used for creating and editing. Note that when specifying ModelAdmin.fields or ModelAdmin.fieldsets the read-only fields must be present to be shown (they are ignored otherwise).

If readonly_fields is used without defining explicit ordering through ModelAdmin.fields or ModelAdmin.fieldsets they will be added last after all editable fields.

A read-only field can not only display data from a model's field, it can also display the output of a model's method or a method of the ModelAdmin class itself. This is very similar to the way ModelAdmin.list_display behaves. This provides a way to use the admin interface to provide feedback on the status of the objects being edited, for example:

from django.contrib import admin
from django.utils.html import format_html_join
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe

class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    readonly_fields = ('address_report',)

    def address_report(self, instance):
        # assuming get_full_address() returns a list of strings
        # for each line of the address and you want to separate each
        # line by a linebreak
        return format_html_join(
            mark_safe('<br>'),
            '{}',
            ((line,) for line in instance.get_full_address()),
        ) or mark_safe("<span class='errors'>I can't determine this address.</span>")

    # short_description functions like a model field's verbose_name
    address_report.short_description = "Address"

ModelAdmin.save_as

Set save_as to enable a "save as new" feature on admin change forms.

Normally, objects have three save options: "Save", "Save and continue editing", and "Save and add another". If save_as is True, "Save and add another" will be replaced by a "Save as new" button that creates a new object (with a new ID) rather than updating the existing object.

By default, save_as is set to False.

ModelAdmin.save_as_continue

When save_as=True, the default redirect after saving the new object is to the change view for that object. If you set save_as_continue=False, the redirect will be to the changelist view.

By default, save_as_continue is set to True.

ModelAdmin.save_on_top

Set save_on_top to add save buttons across the top of your admin change forms.

Normally, the save buttons appear only at the bottom of the forms. If you set save_on_top, the buttons will appear both on the top and the bottom.

By default, save_on_top is set to False.

ModelAdmin.search_fields

Set search_fields to enable a search box on the admin change list page. This should be set to a list of field names that will be searched whenever somebody submits a search query in that text box.

These fields should be some kind of text field, such as CharField or TextField. You can also perform a related lookup on a ForeignKey or ManyToManyField with the lookup API "follow" notation:

search_fields = ['foreign_key__related_fieldname']

For example, if you have a blog entry with an author, the following definition would enable searching blog entries by the email address of the author:

search_fields = ['user__email']

When somebody does a search in the admin search box, Django splits the search query into words and returns all objects that contain each of the words, case-insensitive (using the icontains lookup), where each word must be in at least one of search_fields. For example, if search_fields is set to ['first_name', 'last_name'] and a user searches for john lennon, Django will do the equivalent of this SQL WHERE clause:

WHERE (first_name ILIKE '%john%' OR last_name ILIKE '%john%')
AND (first_name ILIKE '%lennon%' OR last_name ILIKE '%lennon%')

If you don't want to use icontains as the lookup, you can use any lookup by appending it the field. For example, you could use exact by setting search_fields to ['first_name__exact'].

Beware that because query terms are split and ANDed as described earlier, searching with exact only works with a single search word since two or more words can't all be an exact match unless all words are the same.

Some (older) shortcuts for specifying a field lookup are also available. You can prefix a field in search_fields with the following characters and it's equivalent to adding __<lookup> to the field:

Prefix	Lookup
^	startswith
=	iexact
@	search
None	icontains

If you need to customize search you can use ModelAdmin.get_search_results() to provide additional or alternate search behavior.

ModelAdmin.show_full_result_count

Set show_full_result_count to control whether the full count of objects should be displayed on a filtered admin page (e.g. 99 results (103 total)). If this option is set to False, a text like 99 results (Show all) is displayed instead.

The default of show_full_result_count=True generates a query to perform a full count on the table which can be expensive if the table contains a large number of rows.

ModelAdmin.sortable_by

By default, the change list page allows sorting by all model fields (and callables that have the admin_order_field property) specified in list_display.

If you want to disable sorting for some columns, set sortable_by to a collection (e.g. list, tuple, or set) of the subset of list_display that you want to be sortable. An empty collection disables sorting for all columns.

If you need to specify this list dynamically, implement a get_sortable_by() method instead.

ModelAdmin.view_on_site

Set view_on_site to control whether or not to display the "View on site" link. This link should bring you to a URL where you can display the saved object.

This value can be either a boolean flag or a callable. If True (the default), the object's get_absolute_url() method will be used to generate the url.

If your model has a get_absolute_url() method but you don't want the "View on site" button to appear, you only need to set view_on_site to False:

from django.contrib import admin

class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    view_on_site = False

In case it is a callable, it accepts the model instance as a parameter. For example:

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import reverse

class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def view_on_site(self, obj):
        url = reverse('person-detail', kwargs={'slug': obj.slug})
        return 'https://example.com' + url

Custom template options

The Overriding admin templates section describes how to override or extend the default admin templates. Use the following options to override the default templates used by the ModelAdmin views:

ModelAdmin.add_form_template

Path to a custom template, used by add_view().

ModelAdmin.change_form_template

Path to a custom template, used by change_view().

ModelAdmin.change_list_template

Path to a custom template, used by changelist_view().

ModelAdmin.delete_confirmation_template

Path to a custom template, used by delete_view() for displaying a confirmation page when deleting one or more objects.

ModelAdmin.delete_selected_confirmation_template

Path to a custom template, used by the delete_selected action method for displaying a confirmation page when deleting one or more objects. See the actions documentation.

ModelAdmin.object_history_template

Path to a custom template, used by history_view().

ModelAdmin.popup_response_template

Path to a custom template, used by response_add(), response_change(), and response_delete().

ModelAdmin methods

경고

When overriding ModelAdmin.save_model() and ModelAdmin.delete_model(), your code must save/delete the object. They aren't meant for veto purposes, rather they allow you to perform extra operations.

ModelAdmin.save_model(request, obj, form, change)

The save_model method is given the HttpRequest, a model instance, a ModelForm instance, and a boolean value based on whether it is adding or changing the object. Overriding this method allows doing pre- or post-save operations. Call super().save_model() to save the object using Model.save().

For example to attach request.user to the object prior to saving:

from django.contrib import admin

class ArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):
        obj.user = request.user
        super().save_model(request, obj, form, change)

ModelAdmin.delete_model(request, obj)

The delete_model method is given the HttpRequest and a model instance. Overriding this method allows doing pre- or post-delete operations. Call super().delete_model() to delete the object using Model.delete().

ModelAdmin.delete_queryset(request, queryset)

The delete_queryset() method is given the HttpRequest and a QuerySet of objects to be deleted. Override this method to customize the deletion process for the "delete selected objects" action.

ModelAdmin.save_formset(request, form, formset, change)

The save_formset method is given the HttpRequest, the parent ModelForm instance and a boolean value based on whether it is adding or changing the parent object.

For example, to attach request.user to each changed formset model instance:

class ArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def save_formset(self, request, form, formset, change):
        instances = formset.save(commit=False)
        for obj in formset.deleted_objects:
            obj.delete()
        for instance in instances:
            instance.user = request.user
            instance.save()
        formset.save_m2m()

See also Saving objects in the formset.

ModelAdmin.get_ordering(request)

The get_ordering method takes a request as parameter and is expected to return a list or tuple for ordering similar to the ordering attribute. For example:

class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):

    def get_ordering(self, request):
        if request.user.is_superuser:
            return ['name', 'rank']
        else:
            return ['name']

ModelAdmin.get_search_results(request, queryset, search_term)

The get_search_results method modifies the list of objects displayed into those that match the provided search term. It accepts the request, a queryset that applies the current filters, and the user-provided search term. It returns a tuple containing a queryset modified to implement the search, and a boolean indicating if the results may contain duplicates.

The default implementation searches the fields named in ModelAdmin.search_fields.

This method may be overridden with your own custom search method. For example, you might wish to search by an integer field, or use an external tool such as Solr or Haystack. You must establish if the queryset changes implemented by your search method may introduce duplicates into the results, and return True in the second element of the return value.

For example, to search by name and age, you could use:

class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ('name', 'age')
    search_fields = ('name',)

    def get_search_results(self, request, queryset, search_term):
        queryset, use_distinct = super().get_search_results(request, queryset, search_term)
        try:
            search_term_as_int = int(search_term)
        except ValueError:
            pass
        else:
            queryset |= self.model.objects.filter(age=search_term_as_int)
        return queryset, use_distinct

This implementation is more efficient than search_fields = ('name', '=age') which results in a string comparison for the numeric field, for example ... OR UPPER("polls_choice"."votes"::text) = UPPER('4') on PostgreSQL.

ModelAdmin.save_related(request, form, formsets, change)

The save_related method is given the HttpRequest, the parent ModelForm instance, the list of inline formsets and a boolean value based on whether the parent is being added or changed. Here you can do any pre- or post-save operations for objects related to the parent. Note that at this point the parent object and its form have already been saved.

ModelAdmin.get_autocomplete_fields(request)

The get_autocomplete_fields() method is given the HttpRequest and is expected to return a list or tuple of field names that will be displayed with an autocomplete widget as described above in the ModelAdmin.autocomplete_fields section.

ModelAdmin.get_readonly_fields(request, obj=None)

The get_readonly_fields method is given the HttpRequest and the obj being edited (or None on an add form) and is expected to return a list or tuple of field names that will be displayed as read-only, as described above in the ModelAdmin.readonly_fields section.

ModelAdmin.get_prepopulated_fields(request, obj=None)

The get_prepopulated_fields method is given the HttpRequest and the obj being edited (or None on an add form) and is expected to return a dictionary, as described above in the ModelAdmin.prepopulated_fields section.

ModelAdmin.get_list_display(request)

The get_list_display method is given the HttpRequest and is expected to return a list or tuple of field names that will be displayed on the changelist view as described above in the ModelAdmin.list_display section.

ModelAdmin.get_list_display_links(request, list_display)

The get_list_display_links method is given the HttpRequest and the list or tuple returned by ModelAdmin.get_list_display(). It is expected to return either None or a list or tuple of field names on the changelist that will be linked to the change view, as described in the ModelAdmin.list_display_links section.

ModelAdmin.get_exclude(request, obj=None)

The get_exclude method is given the HttpRequest and the obj being edited (or None on an add form) and is expected to return a list of fields, as described in ModelAdmin.exclude.

ModelAdmin.get_fields(request, obj=None)

The get_fields method is given the HttpRequest and the obj being edited (or None on an add form) and is expected to return a list of fields, as described above in the ModelAdmin.fields section.

ModelAdmin.get_fieldsets(request, obj=None)

The get_fieldsets method is given the HttpRequest and the obj being edited (or None on an add form) and is expected to return a list of two-tuples, in which each two-tuple represents a <fieldset> on the admin form page, as described above in the ModelAdmin.fieldsets section.

ModelAdmin.get_list_filter(request)

The get_list_filter method is given the HttpRequest and is expected to return the same kind of sequence type as for the list_filter attribute.

ModelAdmin.get_list_select_related(request)

The get_list_select_related method is given the HttpRequest and should return a boolean or list as ModelAdmin.list_select_related does.

ModelAdmin.get_search_fields(request)

The get_search_fields method is given the HttpRequest and is expected to return the same kind of sequence type as for the search_fields attribute.

ModelAdmin.get_sortable_by(request)

The get_sortable_by() method is passed the HttpRequest and is expected to return a collection (e.g. list, tuple, or set) of field names that will be sortable in the change list page.

Its default implementation returns sortable_by if it's set, otherwise it defers to get_list_display().

For example, to prevent one or more columns from being sortable:

class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):

    def get_sortable_by(self, request):
        return {*self.get_list_display(request)} - {'rank'}

ModelAdmin.get_inline_instances(request, obj=None)

The get_inline_instances method is given the HttpRequest and the obj being edited (or None on an add form) and is expected to return a list or tuple of InlineModelAdmin objects, as described below in the InlineModelAdmin section. For example, the following would return inlines without the default filtering based on add, change, delete, and view permissions:

class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = (MyInline,)

    def get_inline_instances(self, request, obj=None):
        return [inline(self.model, self.admin_site) for inline in self.inlines]

If you override this method, make sure that the returned inlines are instances of the classes defined in inlines or you might encounter a "Bad Request" error when adding related objects.

ModelAdmin.get_inlines(request, obj)

New in Django 3.0.

The get_inlines method is given the HttpRequest and the obj being edited (or None on an add form) and is expected to return an iterable of inlines. You can override this method to dynamically add inlines based on the request or model instance instead of specifying them in ModelAdmin.inlines.

ModelAdmin.get_urls()

The get_urls method on a ModelAdmin returns the URLs to be used for that ModelAdmin in the same way as a URLconf. Therefore you can extend them as documented in URL dispatcher:

from django.contrib import admin
from django.template.response import TemplateResponse
from django.urls import path

class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def get_urls(self):
        urls = super().get_urls()
        my_urls = [
            path('my_view/', self.my_view),
        ]
        return my_urls + urls

    def my_view(self, request):
        # ...
        context = dict(
           # Include common variables for rendering the admin template.
           self.admin_site.each_context(request),
           # Anything else you want in the context...
           key=value,
        )
        return TemplateResponse(request, "sometemplate.html", context)

If you want to use the admin layout, extend from admin/base_site.html:

{% extends "admin/base_site.html" %}
{% block content %}
...
{% endblock %}

주석

Notice that the custom patterns are included before the regular admin URLs: the admin URL patterns are very permissive and will match nearly anything, so you'll usually want to prepend your custom URLs to the built-in ones.

In this example, my_view will be accessed at /admin/myapp/mymodel/my_view/ (assuming the admin URLs are included at /admin/.)

However, the self.my_view function registered above suffers from two problems:

• It will not perform any permission checks, so it will be accessible to the general public.
• It will not provide any header details to prevent caching. This means if the page retrieves data from the database, and caching middleware is active, the page could show outdated information.

Since this is usually not what you want, Django provides a convenience wrapper to check permissions and mark the view as non-cacheable. This wrapper is AdminSite.admin_view() (i.e. self.admin_site.admin_view inside a ModelAdmin instance); use it like so:

class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def get_urls(self):
        urls = super().get_urls()
        my_urls = [
            path('my_view/', self.admin_site.admin_view(self.my_view))
        ]
        return my_urls + urls

Notice the wrapped view in the fifth line above:

path('my_view/', self.admin_site.admin_view(self.my_view))

This wrapping will protect self.my_view from unauthorized access and will apply the django.views.decorators.cache.never_cache() decorator to make sure it is not cached if the cache middleware is active.

If the page is cacheable, but you still want the permission check to be performed, you can pass a cacheable=True argument to AdminSite.admin_view():

path('my_view/', self.admin_site.admin_view(self.my_view, cacheable=True))

ModelAdmin views have model_admin attributes. Other AdminSite views have admin_site attributes.

ModelAdmin.get_form(request, obj=None, **kwargs)

Returns a ModelForm class for use in the admin add and change views, see add_view() and change_view().

The base implementation uses modelform_factory() to subclass form, modified by attributes such as fields and exclude. So, for example, if you wanted to offer additional fields to superusers, you could swap in a different base form like so:

class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def get_form(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs):
        if request.user.is_superuser:
            kwargs['form'] = MySuperuserForm
        return super().get_form(request, obj, **kwargs)

You may also return a custom ModelForm class directly.

ModelAdmin.get_formsets_with_inlines(request, obj=None)

Yields (FormSet, InlineModelAdmin) pairs for use in admin add and change views.

For example if you wanted to display a particular inline only in the change view, you could override get_formsets_with_inlines as follows:

class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = [MyInline, SomeOtherInline]

    def get_formsets_with_inlines(self, request, obj=None):
        for inline in self.get_inline_instances(request, obj):
            # hide MyInline in the add view
            if not isinstance(inline, MyInline) or obj is not None:
                yield inline.get_formset(request, obj), inline

ModelAdmin.formfield_for_foreignkey(db_field, request, **kwargs)

The formfield_for_foreignkey method on a ModelAdmin allows you to override the default formfield for a foreign keys field. For example, to return a subset of objects for this foreign key field based on the user:

class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def formfield_for_foreignkey(self, db_field, request, **kwargs):
        if db_field.name == "car":
            kwargs["queryset"] = Car.objects.filter(owner=request.user)
        return super().formfield_for_foreignkey(db_field, request, **kwargs)

This uses the HttpRequest instance to filter the Car foreign key field to only display the cars owned by the User instance.

For more complex filters, you can use ModelForm.__init__() method to filter based on an instance of your model (see Fields which handle relationships). For example:

class CountryAdminForm(forms.ModelForm):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.fields['capital'].queryset = self.instance.cities.all()

class CountryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    form = CountryAdminForm

ModelAdmin.formfield_for_manytomany(db_field, request, **kwargs)

Like the formfield_for_foreignkey method, the formfield_for_manytomany method can be overridden to change the default formfield for a many to many field. For example, if an owner can own multiple cars and cars can belong to multiple owners -- a many to many relationship -- you could filter the Car foreign key field to only display the cars owned by the User:

class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def formfield_for_manytomany(self, db_field, request, **kwargs):
        if db_field.name == "cars":
            kwargs["queryset"] = Car.objects.filter(owner=request.user)
        return super().formfield_for_manytomany(db_field, request, **kwargs)

ModelAdmin.formfield_for_choice_field(db_field, request, **kwargs)

Like the formfield_for_foreignkey and formfield_for_manytomany methods, the formfield_for_choice_field method can be overridden to change the default formfield for a field that has declared choices. For example, if the choices available to a superuser should be different than those available to regular staff, you could proceed as follows:

class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def formfield_for_choice_field(self, db_field, request, **kwargs):
        if db_field.name == "status":
            kwargs['choices'] = (
                ('accepted', 'Accepted'),
                ('denied', 'Denied'),
            )
            if request.user.is_superuser:
                kwargs['choices'] += (('ready', 'Ready for deployment'),)
        return super().formfield_for_choice_field(db_field, request, **kwargs)

Note

Any choices attribute set on the formfield will be limited to the form field only. If the corresponding field on the model has choices set, the choices provided to the form must be a valid subset of those choices, otherwise the form submission will fail with a ValidationError when the model itself is validated before saving.

ModelAdmin.get_changelist(request, **kwargs)

Returns the Changelist class to be used for listing. By default, django.contrib.admin.views.main.ChangeList is used. By inheriting this class you can change the behavior of the listing.

ModelAdmin.get_changelist_form(request, **kwargs)

Returns a ModelForm class for use in the Formset on the changelist page. To use a custom form, for example:

from django import forms

class MyForm(forms.ModelForm):
    pass

class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def get_changelist_form(self, request, **kwargs):
        return MyForm

Note

If you define the Meta.model attribute on a ModelForm, you must also define the Meta.fields attribute (or the Meta.exclude attribute). However, ModelAdmin ignores this value, overriding it with the ModelAdmin.list_editable attribute. The easiest solution is to omit the Meta.model attribute, since ModelAdmin will provide the correct model to use.

ModelAdmin.get_changelist_formset(request, **kwargs)

Returns a ModelFormSet class for use on the changelist page if list_editable is used. To use a custom formset, for example:

from django.forms import BaseModelFormSet

class MyAdminFormSet(BaseModelFormSet):
    pass

class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def get_changelist_formset(self, request, **kwargs):
        kwargs['formset'] = MyAdminFormSet
        return super().get_changelist_formset(request, **kwargs)

ModelAdmin.lookup_allowed(lookup, value)

The objects in the changelist page can be filtered with lookups from the URL's query string. This is how list_filter works, for example. The lookups are similar to what's used in QuerySet.filter() (e.g. user__email=[e-mail]). Since the lookups in the query string can be manipulated by the user, they must be sanitized to prevent unauthorized data exposure.

The lookup_allowed() method is given a lookup path from the query string (e.g. 'user__email') and the corresponding value (e.g. '[e-mail]'), and returns a boolean indicating whether filtering the changelist's QuerySet using the parameters is permitted. If lookup_allowed() returns False, DisallowedModelAdminLookup (subclass of SuspiciousOperation) is raised.

By default, lookup_allowed() allows access to a model's local fields, field paths used in list_filter (but not paths from get_list_filter()), and lookups required for limit_choices_to to function correctly in raw_id_fields.

Override this method to customize the lookups permitted for your ModelAdmin subclass.

ModelAdmin.has_view_permission(request, obj=None)

Should return True if viewing obj is permitted, False otherwise. If obj is None, should return True or False to indicate whether viewing of objects of this type is permitted in general (e.g., False will be interpreted as meaning that the current user is not permitted to view any object of this type).

The default implementation returns True if the user has either the "change" or "view" permission.

ModelAdmin.has_add_permission(request)

Should return True if adding an object is permitted, False otherwise.

ModelAdmin.has_change_permission(request, obj=None)

Should return True if editing obj is permitted, False otherwise. If obj is None, should return True or False to indicate whether editing of objects of this type is permitted in general (e.g., False will be interpreted as meaning that the current user is not permitted to edit any object of this type).

ModelAdmin.has_delete_permission(request, obj=None)

Should return True if deleting obj is permitted, False otherwise. If obj is None, should return True or False to indicate whether deleting objects of this type is permitted in general (e.g., False will be interpreted as meaning that the current user is not permitted to delete any object of this type).

ModelAdmin.has_module_permission(request)

Should return True if displaying the module on the admin index page and accessing the module's index page is permitted, False otherwise. Uses User.has_module_perms() by default. Overriding it does not restrict access to the view, add, change, or delete views, has_view_permission(), has_add_permission(), has_change_permission(), and has_delete_permission() should be used for that.

ModelAdmin.get_queryset(request)

The get_queryset method on a ModelAdmin returns a QuerySet of all model instances that can be edited by the admin site. One use case for overriding this method is to show objects owned by the logged-in user:

class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def get_queryset(self, request):
        qs = super().get_queryset(request)
        if request.user.is_superuser:
            return qs
        return qs.filter(author=request.user)

ModelAdmin.message_user(request, message, level=messages.INFO, extra_tags='', fail_silently=False)

Sends a message to the user using the django.contrib.messages backend. See the custom ModelAdmin example.

Keyword arguments allow you to change the message level, add extra CSS tags, or fail silently if the contrib.messages framework is not installed. These keyword arguments match those for django.contrib.messages.add_message(), see that function's documentation for more details. One difference is that the level may be passed as a string label in addition to integer/constant.

ModelAdmin.get_paginator(request, queryset, per_page, orphans=0, allow_empty_first_page=True)

Returns an instance of the paginator to use for this view. By default, instantiates an instance of paginator.

ModelAdmin.response_add(request, obj, post_url_continue=None)

Determines the HttpResponse for the add_view() stage.

response_add is called after the admin form is submitted and just after the object and all the related instances have been created and saved. You can override it to change the default behavior after the object has been created.

ModelAdmin.response_change(request, obj)

Determines the HttpResponse for the change_view() stage.

response_change is called after the admin form is submitted and just after the object and all the related instances have been saved. You can override it to change the default behavior after the object has been changed.

ModelAdmin.response_delete(request, obj_display, obj_id)

Determines the HttpResponse for the delete_view() stage.

response_delete is called after the object has been deleted. You can override it to change the default behavior after the object has been deleted.

obj_display is a string with the name of the deleted object.

obj_id is the serialized identifier used to retrieve the object to be deleted.

ModelAdmin.get_changeform_initial_data(request)

A hook for the initial data on admin change forms. By default, fields are given initial values from GET parameters. For instance, ?name=initial_value will set the name field's initial value to be initial_value.

This method should return a dictionary in the form {'fieldname': 'fieldval'}:

def get_changeform_initial_data(self, request):
    return {'name': 'custom_initial_value'}

ModelAdmin.get_deleted_objects(objs, request)

A hook for customizing the deletion process of the delete_view() and the "delete selected" action.

The objs argument is a homogeneous iterable of objects (a QuerySet or a list of model instances) to be deleted, and request is the HttpRequest.

This method must return a 4-tuple of (deleted_objects, model_count, perms_needed, protected).

deleted_objects is a list of strings representing all the objects that will be deleted. If there are any related objects to be deleted, the list is nested and includes those related objects. The list is formatted in the template using the unordered_list filter.

model_count is a dictionary mapping each model's verbose_name_plural to the number of objects that will be deleted.

perms_needed is a set of verbose_names of the models that the user doesn't have permission to delete.

protected is a list of strings representing of all the protected related objects that can't be deleted. The list is displayed in the template.

Other methods

ModelAdmin.add_view(request, form_url='', extra_context=None)

Django view for the model instance addition page. See note below.

ModelAdmin.change_view(request, object_id, form_url='', extra_context=None)

Django view for the model instance editing page. See note below.

ModelAdmin.changelist_view(request, extra_context=None)

Django view for the model instances change list/actions page. See note below.

ModelAdmin.delete_view(request, object_id, extra_context=None)

Django view for the model instance(s) deletion confirmation page. See note below.

ModelAdmin.history_view(request, object_id, extra_context=None)

Django view for the page that shows the modification history for a given model instance.

Unlike the hook-type ModelAdmin methods detailed in the previous section, these five methods are in reality designed to be invoked as Django views from the admin application URL dispatching handler to render the pages that deal with model instances CRUD operations. As a result, completely overriding these methods will significantly change the behavior of the admin application.

One common reason for overriding these methods is to augment the context data that is provided to the template that renders the view. In the following example, the change view is overridden so that the rendered template is provided some extra mapping data that would not otherwise be available:

class MyModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):

    # A template for a very customized change view:
    change_form_template = 'admin/myapp/extras/openstreetmap_change_form.html'

    def get_osm_info(self):
        # ...
        pass

    def change_view(self, request, object_id, form_url='', extra_context=None):
        extra_context = extra_context or {}
        extra_context['osm_data'] = self.get_osm_info()
        return super().change_view(
            request, object_id, form_url, extra_context=extra_context,
        )

These views return TemplateResponse instances which allow you to easily customize the response data before rendering. For more details, see the TemplateResponse documentation.

ModelAdmin asset definitions

There are times where you would like add a bit of CSS and/or JavaScript to the add/change views. This can be accomplished by using a Media inner class on your ModelAdmin:

class ArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    class Media:
        css = {
            "all": ("my_styles.css",)
        }
        js = ("my_code.js",)

The staticfiles app prepends STATIC_URL (or MEDIA_URL if STATIC_URL is None) to any asset paths. The same rules apply as regular asset definitions on forms.

jQuery

Django admin JavaScript makes use of the jQuery library.

To avoid conflicts with user-supplied scripts or libraries, Django's jQuery (version 3.4.1) is namespaced as django.jQuery. If you want to use jQuery in your own admin JavaScript without including a second copy, you can use the django.jQuery object on changelist and add/edit views.

Changed in Django 3.0:

jQuery was upgraded from 3.3.1 to 3.4.1.

Changed in Django 3.0.7:

jQuery was upgraded from 3.4.1 to 3.5.1.

The ModelAdmin class requires jQuery by default, so there is no need to add jQuery to your ModelAdmin’s list of media resources unless you have a specific need. For example, if you require the jQuery library to be in the global namespace (for example when using third-party jQuery plugins) or if you need a newer version of jQuery, you will have to include your own copy.

Django provides both uncompressed and 'minified' versions of jQuery, as jquery.js and jquery.min.js respectively.

ModelAdmin and InlineModelAdmin have a media property that returns a list of Media objects which store paths to the JavaScript files for the forms and/or formsets. If DEBUG is True it will return the uncompressed versions of the various JavaScript files, including jquery.js; if not, it will return the 'minified' versions.

Adding custom validation to the admin

You can also add custom validation of data in the admin. The automatic admin interface reuses django.forms, and the ModelAdmin class gives you the ability define your own form:

class ArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    form = MyArticleAdminForm

MyArticleAdminForm can be defined anywhere as long as you import where needed. Now within your form you can add your own custom validation for any field:

class MyArticleAdminForm(forms.ModelForm):
    def clean_name(self):
        # do something that validates your data
        return self.cleaned_data["name"]

It is important you use a ModelForm here otherwise things can break. See the forms documentation on custom validation and, more specifically, the model form validation notes for more information.

InlineModelAdmin objects

class InlineModelAdmin

class TabularInline

class StackedInline

The admin interface has the ability to edit models on the same page as a parent model. These are called inlines. Suppose you have these two models:

from django.db import models

class Author(models.Model):
   name = models.CharField(max_length=100)

class Book(models.Model):
   author = models.ForeignKey(Author, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
   title = models.CharField(max_length=100)

You can edit the books authored by an author on the author page. You add inlines to a model by specifying them in a ModelAdmin.inlines:

from django.contrib import admin

class BookInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Book

class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = [
        BookInline,
    ]

Django provides two subclasses of InlineModelAdmin and they are:

• TabularInline
• StackedInline

The difference between these two is merely the template used to render them.

InlineModelAdmin options

InlineModelAdmin shares many of the same features as ModelAdmin, and adds some of its own (the shared features are actually defined in the BaseModelAdmin superclass). The shared features are:

• form
• fieldsets
• fields
• formfield_overrides
• exclude
• filter_horizontal
• filter_vertical
• ordering
• prepopulated_fields
• get_fieldsets()
• get_queryset()
• radio_fields
• readonly_fields
• raw_id_fields
• formfield_for_choice_field()
• formfield_for_foreignkey()
• formfield_for_manytomany()
• has_module_permission()

The InlineModelAdmin class adds or customizes:

InlineModelAdmin.model

The model which the inline is using. This is required.

InlineModelAdmin.fk_name

The name of the foreign key on the model. In most cases this will be dealt with automatically, but fk_name must be specified explicitly if there are more than one foreign key to the same parent model.

InlineModelAdmin.formset

This defaults to BaseInlineFormSet. Using your own formset can give you many possibilities of customization. Inlines are built around model formsets.

InlineModelAdmin.form

The value for form defaults to ModelForm. This is what is passed through to inlineformset_factory() when creating the formset for this inline.

경고

When writing custom validation for InlineModelAdmin forms, be cautious of writing validation that relies on features of the parent model. If the parent model fails to validate, it may be left in an inconsistent state as described in the warning in Validation on a ModelForm.

InlineModelAdmin.classes

A list or tuple containing extra CSS classes to apply to the fieldset that is rendered for the inlines. Defaults to None. As with classes configured in fieldsets, inlines with a collapse class will be initially collapsed and their header will have a small "show" link.

InlineModelAdmin.extra

This controls the number of extra forms the formset will display in addition to the initial forms. Defaults to 3. See the formsets documentation for more information.

For users with JavaScript-enabled browsers, an "Add another" link is provided to enable any number of additional inlines to be added in addition to those provided as a result of the extra argument.

The dynamic link will not appear if the number of currently displayed forms exceeds max_num, or if the user does not have JavaScript enabled.

InlineModelAdmin.get_extra() also allows you to customize the number of extra forms.

InlineModelAdmin.max_num

This controls the maximum number of forms to show in the inline. This doesn't directly correlate to the number of objects, but can if the value is small enough. See Limiting the number of editable objects for more information.

InlineModelAdmin.get_max_num() also allows you to customize the maximum number of extra forms.

InlineModelAdmin.min_num

This controls the minimum number of forms to show in the inline. See modelformset_factory() for more information.

InlineModelAdmin.get_min_num() also allows you to customize the minimum number of displayed forms.

InlineModelAdmin.raw_id_fields

By default, Django's admin uses a select-box interface (<select>) for fields that are ForeignKey. Sometimes you don't want to incur the overhead of having to select all the related instances to display in the drop-down.

raw_id_fields is a list of fields you would like to change into an Input widget for either a ForeignKey or ManyToManyField:

class BookInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Book
    raw_id_fields = ("pages",)

InlineModelAdmin.template

The template used to render the inline on the page.

InlineModelAdmin.verbose_name

An override to the verbose_name found in the model's inner Meta class.

InlineModelAdmin.verbose_name_plural

An override to the verbose_name_plural found in the model's inner Meta class.

InlineModelAdmin.can_delete

Specifies whether or not inline objects can be deleted in the inline. Defaults to True.

InlineModelAdmin.show_change_link

Specifies whether or not inline objects that can be changed in the admin have a link to the change form. Defaults to False.

InlineModelAdmin.get_formset(request, obj=None, **kwargs)

Returns a BaseInlineFormSet class for use in admin add/change views. obj is the parent object being edited or None when adding a new parent. See the example for ModelAdmin.get_formsets_with_inlines.

InlineModelAdmin.get_extra(request, obj=None, **kwargs)

Returns the number of extra inline forms to use. By default, returns the InlineModelAdmin.extra attribute.

Override this method to programmatically determine the number of extra inline forms. For example, this may be based on the model instance (passed as the keyword argument obj):

class BinaryTreeAdmin(admin.TabularInline):
    model = BinaryTree

    def get_extra(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs):
        extra = 2
        if obj:
            return extra - obj.binarytree_set.count()
        return extra

InlineModelAdmin.get_max_num(request, obj=None, **kwargs)

Returns the maximum number of extra inline forms to use. By default, returns the InlineModelAdmin.max_num attribute.

Override this method to programmatically determine the maximum number of inline forms. For example, this may be based on the model instance (passed as the keyword argument obj):

class BinaryTreeAdmin(admin.TabularInline):
    model = BinaryTree

    def get_max_num(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs):
        max_num = 10
        if obj and obj.parent:
            return max_num - 5
        return max_num

InlineModelAdmin.get_min_num(request, obj=None, **kwargs)

Returns the minimum number of inline forms to use. By default, returns the InlineModelAdmin.min_num attribute.

Override this method to programmatically determine the minimum number of inline forms. For example, this may be based on the model instance (passed as the keyword argument obj).

InlineModelAdmin.has_add_permission(request, obj)

Should return True if adding an inline object is permitted, False otherwise. obj is the parent object being edited or None when adding a new parent.

InlineModelAdmin.has_change_permission(request, obj=None)

Should return True if editing an inline object is permitted, False otherwise. obj is the parent object being edited.

InlineModelAdmin.has_delete_permission(request, obj=None)

Should return True if deleting an inline object is permitted, False otherwise. obj is the parent object being edited.

주석

The obj argument passed to InlineModelAdmin methods is the parent object being edited or None when adding a new parent.

Working with a model with two or more foreign keys to the same parent model

It is sometimes possible to have more than one foreign key to the same model. Take this model for instance:

from django.db import models

class Friendship(models.Model):
    to_person = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="friends")
    from_person = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="from_friends")

If you wanted to display an inline on the Person admin add/change pages you need to explicitly define the foreign key since it is unable to do so automatically:

from django.contrib import admin
from myapp.models import Friendship

class FriendshipInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Friendship
    fk_name = "to_person"

class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = [
        FriendshipInline,
    ]

Working with many-to-many models

By default, admin widgets for many-to-many relations will be displayed on whichever model contains the actual reference to the ManyToManyField. Depending on your ModelAdmin definition, each many-to-many field in your model will be represented by a standard HTML <select multiple>, a horizontal or vertical filter, or a raw_id_admin widget. However, it is also possible to replace these widgets with inlines.

Suppose we have the following models:

from django.db import models

class Person(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=128)

class Group(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
    members = models.ManyToManyField(Person, related_name='groups')

If you want to display many-to-many relations using an inline, you can do so by defining an InlineModelAdmin object for the relationship:

from django.contrib import admin

class MembershipInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Group.members.through

class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = [
        MembershipInline,
    ]

class GroupAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = [
        MembershipInline,
    ]
    exclude = ('members',)

There are two features worth noting in this example.

Firstly - the MembershipInline class references Group.members.through. The through attribute is a reference to the model that manages the many-to-many relation. This model is automatically created by Django when you define a many-to-many field.

Secondly, the GroupAdmin must manually exclude the members field. Django displays an admin widget for a many-to-many field on the model that defines the relation (in this case, Group). If you want to use an inline model to represent the many-to-many relationship, you must tell Django's admin to not display this widget - otherwise you will end up with two widgets on your admin page for managing the relation.

Note that when using this technique the m2m_changed signals aren't triggered. This is because as far as the admin is concerned, through is just a model with two foreign key fields rather than a many-to-many relation.

In all other respects, the InlineModelAdmin is exactly the same as any other. You can customize the appearance using any of the normal ModelAdmin properties.

Working with many-to-many intermediary models

When you specify an intermediary model using the through argument to a ManyToManyField, the admin will not display a widget by default. This is because each instance of that intermediary model requires more information than could be displayed in a single widget, and the layout required for multiple widgets will vary depending on the intermediate model.

However, we still want to be able to edit that information inline. Fortunately, we can do this with inline admin models. Suppose we have the following models:

from django.db import models

class Person(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=128)

class Group(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
    members = models.ManyToManyField(Person, through='Membership')

class Membership(models.Model):
    person = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    group = models.ForeignKey(Group, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    date_joined = models.DateField()
    invite_reason = models.CharField(max_length=64)

The first step in displaying this intermediate model in the admin is to define an inline class for the Membership model:

class MembershipInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Membership
    extra = 1

This example uses the default InlineModelAdmin values for the Membership model, and limits the extra add forms to one. This could be customized using any of the options available to InlineModelAdmin classes.

Now create admin views for the Person and Group models:

class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = (MembershipInline,)

class GroupAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = (MembershipInline,)

Finally, register your Person and Group models with the admin site:

admin.site.register(Person, PersonAdmin)
admin.site.register(Group, GroupAdmin)

Now your admin site is set up to edit Membership objects inline from either the Person or the Group detail pages.

Using generic relations as an inline

It is possible to use an inline with generically related objects. Let's say you have the following models:

from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey
from django.db import models

class Image(models.Model):
    image = models.ImageField(upload_to="images")
    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")

class Product(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)

If you want to allow editing and creating an Image instance on the Product, add/change views you can use GenericTabularInline or GenericStackedInline (both subclasses of GenericInlineModelAdmin) provided by admin. They implement tabular and stacked visual layouts for the forms representing the inline objects, respectively, just like their non-generic counterparts. They behave just like any other inline. In your admin.py for this example app:

from django.contrib import admin
from django.contrib.contenttypes.admin import GenericTabularInline

from myproject.myapp.models import Image, Product

class ImageInline(GenericTabularInline):
    model = Image

class ProductAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = [
        ImageInline,
    ]

admin.site.register(Product, ProductAdmin)

See the contenttypes documentation for more specific information.

Overriding admin templates

You can override many of the templates which the admin module uses to generate the various pages of an admin site. You can even override a few of these templates for a specific app, or a specific model.

Set up your projects admin template directories

The admin template files are located in the contrib/admin/templates/admin directory.

In order to override one or more of them, first create an admin directory in your project's templates directory. This can be any of the directories you specified in the DIRS option of the DjangoTemplates backend in the TEMPLATES setting. If you have customized the 'loaders' option, be sure 'django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader' appears before 'django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader' so that your custom templates will be found by the template loading system before those that are included with django.contrib.admin.

Within this admin directory, create sub-directories named after your app. Within these app subdirectories create sub-directories named after your models. Note, that the admin app will lowercase the model name when looking for the directory, so make sure you name the directory in all lowercase if you are going to run your app on a case-sensitive filesystem.

To override an admin template for a specific app, copy and edit the template from the django/contrib/admin/templates/admin directory, and save it to one of the directories you just created.

For example, if we wanted to add a tool to the change list view for all the models in an app named my_app, we would copy contrib/admin/templates/admin/change_list.html to the templates/admin/my_app/ directory of our project, and make any necessary changes.

If we wanted to add a tool to the change list view for only a specific model named 'Page', we would copy that same file to the templates/admin/my_app/page directory of our project.

Overriding vs. replacing an admin template

Because of the modular design of the admin templates, it is usually neither necessary nor advisable to replace an entire template. It is almost always better to override only the section of the template which you need to change.

To continue the example above, we want to add a new link next to the History tool for the Page model. After looking at change_form.html we determine that we only need to override the object-tools-items block. Therefore here is our new change_form.html :

{% extends "admin/change_form.html" %}
{% load i18n admin_urls %}
{% block object-tools-items %}
    <li>
        <a href="{% url opts|admin_urlname:'history' original.pk|admin_urlquote %}" class="historylink">{% trans "History" %}</a>
    </li>
    <li>
        <a href="mylink/" class="historylink">My Link</a>
    </li>
    {% if has_absolute_url %}
        <li>
            <a href="{% url 'admin:view_on_site' content_type_id original.pk %}" class="viewsitelink">{% trans "View on site" %}</a>
        </li>
    {% endif %}
{% endblock %}

And that's it! If we placed this file in the templates/admin/my_app directory, our link would appear on the change form for all models within my_app.

Templates which may be overridden per app or model

Not every template in contrib/admin/templates/admin may be overridden per app or per model. The following can:

• actions.html
• app_index.html
• change_form.html
• change_form_object_tools.html
• change_list.html
• change_list_object_tools.html
• change_list_results.html
• date_hierarchy.html
• delete_confirmation.html
• object_history.html
• pagination.html
• popup_response.html
• prepopulated_fields_js.html
• search_form.html
• submit_line.html

For those templates that cannot be overridden in this way, you may still override them for your entire project by placing the new version in your templates/admin directory. This is particularly useful to create custom 404 and 500 pages.

주석

Some of the admin templates, such as change_list_results.html are used to render custom inclusion tags. These may be overridden, but in such cases you are probably better off creating your own version of the tag in question and giving it a different name. That way you can use it selectively.

Root and login templates

If you wish to change the index, login or logout templates, you are better off creating your own AdminSite instance (see below), and changing the AdminSite.index_template , AdminSite.login_template or AdminSite.logout_template properties.

AdminSite objects

class AdminSite(name='admin')

A Django administrative site is represented by an instance of django.contrib.admin.sites.AdminSite; by default, an instance of this class is created as django.contrib.admin.site and you can register your models and ModelAdmin instances with it.

If you want to customize the default admin site, you can override it.

When constructing an instance of an AdminSite, you can provide a unique instance name using the name argument to the constructor. This instance name is used to identify the instance, especially when reversing admin URLs. If no instance name is provided, a default instance name of admin will be used. See Customizing the AdminSite class for an example of customizing the AdminSite class.

AdminSite attributes

Templates can override or extend base admin templates as described in Overriding admin templates.

AdminSite.site_header

The text to put at the top of each admin page, as an <h1> (a string). By default, this is "Django administration".

AdminSite.site_title

The text to put at the end of each admin page's <title> (a string). By default, this is "Django site admin".

AdminSite.site_url

The URL for the "View site" link at the top of each admin page. By default, site_url is /. Set it to None to remove the link.

For sites running on a subpath, the each_context() method checks if the current request has request.META['SCRIPT_NAME'] set and uses that value if site_url isn't set to something other than /.

AdminSite.index_title

The text to put at the top of the admin index page (a string). By default, this is "Site administration".

AdminSite.index_template

Path to a custom template that will be used by the admin site main index view.

AdminSite.app_index_template

Path to a custom template that will be used by the admin site app index view.

AdminSite.empty_value_display

The string to use for displaying empty values in the admin site's change list. Defaults to a dash. The value can also be overridden on a per ModelAdmin basis and on a custom field within a ModelAdmin by setting an empty_value_display attribute on the field. See ModelAdmin.empty_value_display for examples.

AdminSite.login_template

Path to a custom template that will be used by the admin site login view.

AdminSite.login_form

Subclass of AuthenticationForm that will be used by the admin site login view.

AdminSite.logout_template

Path to a custom template that will be used by the admin site logout view.

AdminSite.password_change_template

Path to a custom template that will be used by the admin site password change view.

AdminSite.password_change_done_template

Path to a custom template that will be used by the admin site password change done view.

AdminSite methods

AdminSite.each_context(request)

Returns a dictionary of variables to put in the template context for every page in the admin site.

Includes the following variables and values by default:

• site_header: AdminSite.site_header

• site_title: AdminSite.site_title

• site_url: AdminSite.site_url

• has_permission: AdminSite.has_permission()

• available_apps: a list of applications from the application registry available for the current user. Each entry in the list is a dict representing an application with the following keys:

  • app_label: the application label
  • app_url: the URL of the application index in the admin
  • has_module_perms: a boolean indicating if displaying and accessing of the module's index page is permitted for the current user
  • models: a list of the models available in the application

  Each model is a dict with the following keys:

  • object_name: class name of the model
  • name: plural name of the model
  • perms: a dict tracking add, change, delete, and view permissions
  • admin_url: admin changelist URL for the model
  • add_url: admin URL to add a new model instance

AdminSite.has_permission(request)

Returns True if the user for the given HttpRequest has permission to view at least one page in the admin site. Defaults to requiring both User.is_active and User.is_staff to be True.

AdminSite.register(model_or_iterable, admin_class=None, **options)

Registers the given model class (or iterable of classes) with the given admin_class. admin_class defaults to ModelAdmin (the default admin options). If keyword arguments are given -- e.g. list_display -- they'll be applied as options to the admin class.

Raises ImproperlyConfigured if a model is abstract. and django.contrib.admin.sites.AlreadyRegistered if a model is already registered.

Hooking AdminSite instances into your URLconf

The last step in setting up the Django admin is to hook your AdminSite instance into your URLconf. Do this by pointing a given URL at the AdminSite.urls method. It is not necessary to use include().

In this example, we register the default AdminSite instance django.contrib.admin.site at the URL /admin/

# urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
]

Customizing the AdminSite class

If you'd like to set up your own admin site with custom behavior, you're free to subclass AdminSite and override or add anything you like. Then, create an instance of your AdminSite subclass (the same way you'd instantiate any other Python class) and register your models and ModelAdmin subclasses with it instead of with the default site. Finally, update myproject/urls.py to reference your AdminSite subclass.

myapp/admin.py

from django.contrib.admin import AdminSite

from .models import MyModel

class MyAdminSite(AdminSite):
    site_header = 'Monty Python administration'

admin_site = MyAdminSite(name='myadmin')
admin_site.register(MyModel)

myproject/urls.py

from django.urls import path

from myapp.admin import admin_site

urlpatterns = [
    path('myadmin/', admin_site.urls),
]

Note that you may not want autodiscovery of admin modules when using your own AdminSite instance since you will likely be importing all the per-app admin modules in your myproject.admin module. This means you need to put 'django.contrib.admin.apps.SimpleAdminConfig' instead of 'django.contrib.admin' in your INSTALLED_APPS setting.

Overriding the default admin site

You can override the default django.contrib.admin.site by setting the default_site attribute of a custom AppConfig to the dotted import path of either a AdminSite subclass or a callable that returns a site instance.

myproject/admin.py

from django.contrib import admin

class MyAdminSite(admin.AdminSite):
    ...

myproject/apps.py

from django.contrib.admin.apps import AdminConfig

class MyAdminConfig(AdminConfig):
    default_site = 'myproject.admin.MyAdminSite'

myproject/settings.py

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    ...
    'myproject.apps.MyAdminConfig',  # replaces 'django.contrib.admin'
    ...
]

Multiple admin sites in the same URLconf

You can create multiple instances of the admin site on the same Django-powered website. Create multiple instances of AdminSite and place each one at a different URL.

In this example, the URLs /basic-admin/ and /advanced-admin/ feature separate versions of the admin site -- using the AdminSite instances myproject.admin.basic_site and myproject.admin.advanced_site, respectively:

# urls.py
from django.urls import path
from myproject.admin import advanced_site, basic_site

urlpatterns = [
    path('basic-admin/', basic_site.urls),
    path('advanced-admin/', advanced_site.urls),
]

AdminSite instances take a single argument to their constructor, their name, which can be anything you like. This argument becomes the prefix to the URL names for the purposes of reversing them. This is only necessary if you are using more than one AdminSite.

Adding views to admin sites

Just like ModelAdmin, AdminSite provides a get_urls() method that can be overridden to define additional views for the site. To add a new view to your admin site, extend the base get_urls() method to include a pattern for your new view.

주석

Any view you render that uses the admin templates, or extends the base admin template, should set request.current_app before rendering the template. It should be set to either self.name if your view is on an AdminSite or self.admin_site.name if your view is on a ModelAdmin.

Adding a password reset feature

You can add a password reset feature to the admin site by adding a few lines to your URLconf. Specifically, add these four patterns:

from django.contrib.auth import views as auth_views

path(
    'admin/password_reset/',
    auth_views.PasswordResetView.as_view(),
    name='admin_password_reset',
),
path(
    'admin/password_reset/done/',
    auth_views.PasswordResetDoneView.as_view(),
    name='password_reset_done',
),
path(
    'reset/<uidb64>/<token>/',
    auth_views.PasswordResetConfirmView.as_view(),
    name='password_reset_confirm',
),
path(
    'reset/done/',
    auth_views.PasswordResetCompleteView.as_view(),
    name='password_reset_complete',
),

(This assumes you've added the admin at admin/ and requires that you put the URLs starting with ^admin/ before the line that includes the admin app itself).

The presence of the admin_password_reset named URL will cause a "forgotten your password?" link to appear on the default admin log-in page under the password box.

LogEntry objects

class models.LogEntry

The LogEntry class tracks additions, changes, and deletions of objects done through the admin interface.

LogEntry attributes

LogEntry.action_time

The date and time of the action.

LogEntry.user

The user (an AUTH_USER_MODEL instance) who performed the action.

LogEntry.content_type

The ContentType of the modified object.

LogEntry.object_id

The textual representation of the modified object's primary key.

LogEntry.object_repr

The object`s repr() after the modification.

LogEntry.action_flag

The type of action logged: ADDITION, CHANGE, DELETION.

For example, to get a list of all additions done through the admin:

from django.contrib.admin.models import ADDITION, LogEntry

LogEntry.objects.filter(action_flag=ADDITION)

LogEntry.change_message

The detailed description of the modification. In the case of an edit, for example, the message contains a list of the edited fields. The Django admin site formats this content as a JSON structure, so that get_change_message() can recompose a message translated in the current user language. Custom code might set this as a plain string though. You are advised to use the get_change_message() method to retrieve this value instead of accessing it directly.

LogEntry methods

LogEntry.get_edited_object()

A shortcut that returns the referenced object.

LogEntry.get_change_message()

Formats and translates change_message into the current user language. Messages created before Django 1.10 will always be displayed in the language in which they were logged.

Reversing admin URLs

When an AdminSite is deployed, the views provided by that site are accessible using Django's URL reversing system.

The AdminSite provides the following named URL patterns:

Page	URL name	Parameters
Index	index
Login	login
Logout	logout
Password change	password_change
Password change done	password_change_done
i18n JavaScript	jsi18n
Application index page	app_list	app_label
Redirect to object's page	view_on_site	content_type_id, object_id

Each ModelAdmin instance provides an additional set of named URLs:

Page	URL name	Parameters
Changelist	{{ app_label }}_{{ model_name }}_changelist
Add	{{ app_label }}_{{ model_name }}_add
History	{{ app_label }}_{{ model_name }}_history	object_id
Delete	{{ app_label }}_{{ model_name }}_delete	object_id
Change	{{ app_label }}_{{ model_name }}_change	object_id

The UserAdmin provides a named URL:

Page	URL name	Parameters
Password change	auth_user_password_change	user_id

These named URLs are registered with the application namespace admin, and with an instance namespace corresponding to the name of the Site instance.

So - if you wanted to get a reference to the Change view for a particular Choice object (from the polls application) in the default admin, you would call:

>>> from django.urls import reverse
>>> c = Choice.objects.get(...)
>>> change_url = reverse('admin:polls_choice_change', args=(c.id,))

This will find the first registered instance of the admin application (whatever the instance name), and resolve to the view for changing poll.Choice instances in that instance.

If you want to find a URL in a specific admin instance, provide the name of that instance as a current_app hint to the reverse call. For example, if you specifically wanted the admin view from the admin instance named custom, you would need to call:

>>> change_url = reverse('admin:polls_choice_change', args=(c.id,), current_app='custom')

For more details, see the documentation on reversing namespaced URLs.

To allow easier reversing of the admin urls in templates, Django provides an admin_urlname filter which takes an action as argument:

{% load admin_urls %}
<a href="{% url opts|admin_urlname:'add' %}">Add user</a>
<a href="{% url opts|admin_urlname:'delete' user.pk %}">Delete this user</a>

The action in the examples above match the last part of the URL names for ModelAdmin instances described above. The opts variable can be any object which has an app_label and model_name attributes and is usually supplied by the admin views for the current model.

The staff_member_required decorator

staff_member_required(redirect_field_name='next', login_url='admin:login')

This decorator is used on the admin views that require authorization. A view decorated with this function will having the following behavior:

• If the user is logged in, is a staff member (User.is_staff=True), and is active (User.is_active=True), execute the view normally.
• Otherwise, the request will be redirected to the URL specified by the login_url parameter, with the originally requested path in a query string variable specified by redirect_field_name. For example: /admin/login/?next=/admin/polls/question/3/.

Example usage:

from django.contrib.admin.views.decorators import staff_member_required

@staff_member_required
def my_view(request):
    ...