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Django shortcut functions

The package django.shortcuts collects helper functions and classes that “span” multiple levels of MVC. In other words, these functions/classes introduce controlled coupling for convenience’s sake.

render()

render(request, template_name, context=None, content_type=None, status=None, using=None)[source]

Combines a given template with a given context dictionary and returns an HttpResponse object with that rendered text.

Django does not provide a shortcut function which returns a TemplateResponse because the constructor of TemplateResponse offers the same level of convenience as render().

Required arguments

request

The request object used to generate this response.

template_name

The full name of a template to use or sequence of template names. If a sequence is given, the first template that exists will be used. See the template loading documentation for more information on how templates are found.

Optional arguments

context

A dictionary of values to add to the template context. By default, this is an empty dictionary. If a value in the dictionary is callable, the view will call it just before rendering the template.

content_type

The MIME type to use for the resulting document. Defaults to 'text/html'.

status

The status code for the response. Defaults to 200.

using

The NAME of a template engine to use for loading the template.

Example

The following example renders the template myapp/index.html with the MIME type application/xhtml+xml:

from django.shortcuts import render


def my_view(request):
    # View code here...
    return render(
        request,
        "myapp/index.html",
        {
            "foo": "bar",
        },
        content_type="application/xhtml+xml",
    )

This example is equivalent to:

from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.template import loader


def my_view(request):
    # View code here...
    t = loader.get_template("myapp/index.html")
    c = {"foo": "bar"}
    return HttpResponse(t.render(c, request), content_type="application/xhtml+xml")

redirect()

redirect(to, *args, permanent=False, preserve_request=False, **kwargs)[source]

Returns an HttpResponseRedirect to the appropriate URL for the arguments passed.

The arguments could be:

  • A model: the model’s get_absolute_url() function will be called.

  • A view name, possibly with arguments: reverse() will be used to reverse-resolve the name.

  • An absolute or relative URL, which will be used as-is for the redirect location.

By default, a temporary redirect is issued with a 302 status code. If permanent=True, a permanent redirect is issued with a 301 status code.

If preserve_request=True, the response instructs the user agent to preserve the method and body of the original request when issuing the redirect. In this case, temporary redirects use a 307 status code, and permanent redirects use a 308 status code. This is better illustrated in the following table:

permanent

preserve_request

HTTP status code

True

False

301

False

False

302

False

True

307

True

True

308
Changed in Django Development version:

The argument preserve_request was added.

Examples

You can use the redirect() function in a number of ways.

  1. By passing some object; that object’s get_absolute_url() method will be called to figure out the redirect URL:

    from django.shortcuts import redirect


def my_view(request):
    ...
    obj = MyModel.objects.get(...)
    return redirect(obj)

  2. By passing the name of a view and optionally some positional or keyword arguments; the URL will be reverse resolved using the reverse() method:

    def my_view(request):
    ...
    return redirect("some-view-name", foo="bar")

  3. By passing a hardcoded URL to redirect to:

    def my_view(request):
    ...
    return redirect("/some/url/")

    This also works with full URLs:

    def my_view(request):
    ...
    return redirect("https://example.com/")

By default, redirect() returns a temporary redirect. All of the above forms accept a permanent argument; if set to True a permanent redirect will be returned:

def my_view(request):
    ...
    obj = MyModel.objects.get(...)
    return redirect(obj, permanent=True)

Additionally, the preserve_request argument can be used to preserve the original HTTP method:

def my_view(request):
    # ...
    obj = MyModel.objects.get(...)
    if request.method in ("POST", "PUT"):
        # Redirection preserves the original request method.
        return redirect(obj, preserve_request=True)
    # ...

get_object_or_404()

get_object_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)[source]
aget_object_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)

Asynchronous version: aget_object_or_404()

Calls get() on a given model manager, but it raises Http404 instead of the model’s DoesNotExist exception.

Arguments

klass

A Model class, a Manager, or a QuerySet instance from which to get the object.

*args

Q objects.

**kwargs

Lookup parameters, which should be in the format accepted by get() and filter().

Example

The following example gets the object with the primary key of 1 from MyModel:

from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404


def my_view(request):
    obj = get_object_or_404(MyModel, pk=1)

This example is equivalent to:

from django.http import Http404


def my_view(request):
    try:
        obj = MyModel.objects.get(pk=1)
    except MyModel.DoesNotExist:
        raise Http404("No MyModel matches the given query.")

The most common use case is to pass a Model, as shown above. However, you can also pass a QuerySet instance:

queryset = Book.objects.filter(title__startswith="M")
get_object_or_404(queryset, pk=1)

The above example is a bit contrived since it’s equivalent to doing:

get_object_or_404(Book, title__startswith="M", pk=1)

but it can be useful if you are passed the queryset variable from somewhere else.

Finally, you can also use a Manager. This is useful for example if you have a custom manager:

get_object_or_404(Book.dahl_objects, title="Matilda")

You can also use related managers:

author = Author.objects.get(name="Roald Dahl")
get_object_or_404(author.book_set, title="Matilda")

Note: As with get(), a MultipleObjectsReturned exception will be raised if more than one object is found.

get_list_or_404()

get_list_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)[source]
aget_list_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)

Asynchronous version: aget_list_or_404()

Returns the result of filter() on a given model manager cast to a list, raising Http404 if the resulting list is empty.

Arguments

klass

A Model, Manager or QuerySet instance from which to get the list.

*args

Q objects.

**kwargs

Lookup parameters, which should be in the format accepted by get() and filter().

Example

The following example gets all published objects from MyModel:

from django.shortcuts import get_list_or_404


def my_view(request):
    my_objects = get_list_or_404(MyModel, published=True)

This example is equivalent to:

from django.http import Http404


def my_view(request):
    my_objects = list(MyModel.objects.filter(published=True))
    if not my_objects:
        raise Http404("No MyModel matches the given query.")
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