多对多关联¶
使用 ManyToManyField
来定义多对多关系
在这个例子中,一篇“Article(报刊上的文章)”可能在多个“公开发行物(对象objects)”中发布,并且一个“公开发行物(对象objects)”也有多个具体发行的对象(Article):
from django.db import models
class Publication(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=30)
class Meta:
ordering = ["title"]
def __str__(self):
return self.title
class Article(models.Model):
headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
publications = models.ManyToManyField(Publication)
class Meta:
ordering = ["headline"]
def __str__(self):
return self.headline
下面是可以使用PythonAPI工具执行的操作示例。
创建一些 Publications
:
>>> p1 = Publication(title="The Python Journal")
>>> p1.save()
>>> p2 = Publication(title="Science News")
>>> p2.save()
>>> p3 = Publication(title="Science Weekly")
>>> p3.save()
创建一篇 Article
:
>>> a1 = Article(headline="Django lets you build web apps easily")
在保存之前,您无法将其与 Publication
相关联:
>>> a1.publications.add(p1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: "<Article: Django lets you build web apps easily>" needs to have a value for field "id" before this many-to-many relationship can be used.
保存它!
>>> a1.save()
将 Article
与 Publication
关联起来:
>>> a1.publications.add(p1)
创建另一篇 Article
,并将其设置为出现在 Publications
中:
>>> a2 = Article(headline="NASA uses Python")
>>> a2.save()
>>> a2.publications.add(p1, p2)
>>> a2.publications.add(p3)
添加第二次是可以的,它不会重复关联关系:
>>> a2.publications.add(p3)
添加错误类型的对象会引发 TypeError
:
>>> a2.publications.add(a1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: 'Publication' instance expected
使用 create()
一步创建并添加一个 Publication
到一个 Article
:
>>> new_publication = a2.publications.create(title="Highlights for Children")
Article
对象可以访问它们相关联的 Publication
对象:
>>> a1.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> a2.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>
Publication
对象可以访问它们相关联的 Article
对象:
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>]>
>>> p1.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>
>>> Publication.objects.get(id=4).article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>]>
可以使用 跨关系的查找 来查询多对多关系:
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__id=1)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__pk=1)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications=1)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications=p1)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science")
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").distinct()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>]>
count()
函数也会遵循 distinct()
:
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").count()
2
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startswith="Science").distinct().count()
1
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__in=[1, 2]).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__in=[p1, p2]).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build web apps easily>, <Article: NASA uses Python>]>
支持反向多对多查询(即从没有 ManyToManyField
的表开始):
>>> Publication.objects.filter(id=1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(pk=1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith="NASA")
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__id=1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__pk=1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article=1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article=a1)
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__in=[1, 2]).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__in=[a1, a2]).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>
排除相关项的操作与您的期望相符,尽管涉及的 SQL 有点复杂:
>>> Article.objects.exclude(publications=p2)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build web apps easily>]>
如果删除一个 Publication
,那么它的 Articles
将无法访问它:
>>> p1.delete()
>>> Publication.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>]>
>>> a1 = Article.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> a1.publications.all()
<QuerySet []>
如果删除一篇 Article
,它的 Publications
将无法访问它:
>>> a2.delete()
>>> Article.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build web apps easily>]>
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet []>
通过多对多关系的“另一端”进行添加:
>>> a4 = Article(headline="NASA finds intelligent life on Earth")
>>> a4.save()
>>> p2.article_set.add(a4)
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>]>
>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Science News>]>
通过关键字使用多对多关系的“另一端”进行添加:
>>> new_article = p2.article_set.create(headline="Oxygen-free diet works wonders")
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>, <Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>
>>> a5 = p2.article_set.all()[1]
>>> a5.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Science News>]>
从 Article
中移除 Publication
:
>>> a4.publications.remove(p2)
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>
>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet []>
从另一端移除:
>>> p2.article_set.remove(a5)
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet []>
>>> a5.publications.all()
<QuerySet []>
关系集合可以被设置:
>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Science News>]>
>>> a4.publications.set([p3])
>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Science Weekly>]>
关系集合可以被清除:
>>> p2.article_set.clear()
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet []>
也可以从另一端清除:
>>> p2.article_set.add(a4, a5)
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>, <Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>
>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Science News>, <Publication: Science Weekly>]>
>>> a4.publications.clear()
>>> a4.publications.all()
<QuerySet []>
>>> p2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>
重新创建我们已删除的 Article
和 Publication
:
>>> p1 = Publication(title="The Python Journal")
>>> p1.save()
>>> a2 = Article(headline="NASA uses Python")
>>> a2.save()
>>> a2.publications.add(p1, p2, p3)
批量删除一些 Publications
- 对已删除的出版物的引用应该被删除:
>>> Publication.objects.filter(title__startswith="Science").delete()
>>> Publication.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: Highlights for Children>, <Publication: The Python Journal>]>
>>> Article.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build web apps easily>, <Article: NASA finds intelligent life on Earth>, <Article: NASA uses Python>, <Article: Oxygen-free diet works wonders>]>
>>> a2.publications.all()
<QuerySet [<Publication: The Python Journal>]>
批量删除一些文章 - 对已删除对象的引用应该被删除:
>>> q = Article.objects.filter(headline__startswith="Django")
>>> print(q)
<QuerySet [<Article: Django lets you build web apps easily>]>
>>> q.delete()
在 delete()
后,需要清除 QuerySet
缓存,并且引用的对象应该已经消失了:
>>> print(q)
<QuerySet []>
>>> p1.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: NASA uses Python>]>