GIS QuerySet API Reference¶
空间查找¶
The spatial lookups in this section are available for GeometryField
and RasterField.
For an introduction, see the spatial lookups introduction. For an overview of what lookups are compatible with a particular spatial backend, refer to the spatial lookup compatibility table.
Lookups with rasters¶
All examples in the reference below are given for geometry fields and inputs, but the lookups can be used the same way with rasters on both sides. Whenever a lookup doesn't support raster input, the input is automatically converted to a geometry where necessary using the ST_Polygon function. See also the introduction to raster lookups.
The database operators used by the lookups can be divided into three categories:
- Native raster support
N: the operator accepts rasters natively on both sides of the lookup, and raster input can be mixed with geometry inputs. - Bilateral raster support
B: the operator supports rasters only if both sides of the lookup receive raster inputs. Raster data is automatically converted to geometries for mixed lookups. - Geometry conversion support
C. The lookup does not have native raster support, all raster data is automatically converted to geometries.
The examples below show the SQL equivalent for the lookups in the different types of raster support. The same pattern applies to all spatial lookups.
| Case | 查找 | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| N, B | rast__contains=rst |
ST_Contains(rast, rst) |
| N, B | rast__1__contains=(rst, 2) |
ST_Contains(rast, 1, rst, 2) |
| B, C | rast__contains=geom |
ST_Contains(ST_Polygon(rast), geom) |
| B, C | rast__1__contains=geom |
ST_Contains(ST_Polygon(rast, 1), geom) |
| B, C | poly__contains=rst |
ST_Contains(poly, ST_Polygon(rst)) |
| B, C | poly__contains=(rst, 1) |
ST_Contains(poly, ST_Polygon(rst, 1)) |
| C | rast__crosses=rst |
ST_Crosses(ST_Polygon(rast), ST_Polygon(rst)) |
| C | rast__1__crosses=(rst, 2) |
ST_Crosses(ST_Polygon(rast, 1), ST_Polygon(rst, 2)) |
| C | rast__crosses=geom |
ST_Crosses(ST_Polygon(rast), geom) |
| C | poly__crosses=rst |
ST_Crosses(poly, ST_Polygon(rst)) |
Spatial lookups with rasters are only supported for PostGIS backends (denominated as PGRaster in this section).
bbcontains¶
Availability: PostGIS, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Native)
Tests if the geometry or raster field's bounding box completely contains the lookup geometry's bounding box.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__bbcontains=geom)
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | poly ~ geom |
| MariaDB | MBRContains(poly, geom) |
| MySQL | MBRContains(poly, geom) |
| SpatiaLite | MbrContains(poly, geom) |
bboverlaps¶
Availability: PostGIS, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Native)
Tests if the geometry field's bounding box overlaps the lookup geometry's bounding box.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__bboverlaps=geom)
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | poly && geom |
| MariaDB | MBROverlaps(poly, geom) |
| MySQL | MBROverlaps(poly, geom) |
| SpatiaLite | MbrOverlaps(poly, geom) |
contained¶
Availability: PostGIS, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Native)
Tests if the geometry field's bounding box is completely contained by the lookup geometry's bounding box.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__contained=geom)
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | poly @ geom |
| MariaDB | MBRWithin(poly, geom) |
| MySQL | MBRWithin(poly, geom) |
| SpatiaLite | MbrWithin(poly, geom) |
contains¶
Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)
Tests if the geometry field spatially contains the lookup geometry.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__contains=geom)
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | ST_Contains(poly, geom) |
| Oracle | SDO_CONTAINS(poly, geom) |
| MariaDB | ST_Contains(poly, geom) |
| MySQL | ST_Contains(poly, geom) |
| SpatiaLite | Contains(poly, geom) |
contains_properly¶
Availability: PostGIS, PGRaster (Bilateral)
Returns true if the lookup geometry intersects the interior of the geometry field, but not the boundary (or exterior).
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__contains_properly=geom)
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | ST_ContainsProperly(poly, geom) |
coveredby¶
Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, PGRaster (Bilateral), SpatiaLite
Tests if no point in the geometry field is outside the lookup geometry. [3]
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__coveredby=geom)
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | ST_CoveredBy(poly, geom) |
| Oracle | SDO_COVEREDBY(poly, geom) |
| SpatiaLite | CoveredBy(poly, geom) |
covers¶
Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, PGRaster (Bilateral), SpatiaLite
Tests if no point in the lookup geometry is outside the geometry field. [3]
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__covers=geom)
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | ST_Covers(poly, geom) |
| Oracle | SDO_COVERS(poly, geom) |
| SpatiaLite | Covers(poly, geom) |
crosses¶
Availability: PostGIS, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Conversion)
Tests if the geometry field spatially crosses the lookup geometry.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__crosses=geom)
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | ST_Crosses(poly, geom) |
| MariaDB | ST_Crosses(poly, geom) |
| MySQL | ST_Crosses(poly, geom) |
| SpatiaLite | Crosses(poly, geom) |
disjoint¶
Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)
Tests if the geometry field is spatially disjoint from the lookup geometry.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__disjoint=geom)
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | ST_Disjoint(poly, geom) |
| Oracle | SDO_GEOM.RELATE(poly, 'DISJOINT', geom, 0.05) |
| MariaDB | ST_Disjoint(poly, geom) |
| MySQL | ST_Disjoint(poly, geom) |
| SpatiaLite | Disjoint(poly, geom) |
equals¶
Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Conversion)
Tests if the geometry field is spatially equal to the lookup geometry.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__equals=geom)
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | ST_Equals(poly, geom) |
| Oracle | SDO_EQUAL(poly, geom) |
| MariaDB | ST_Equals(poly, geom) |
| MySQL | ST_Equals(poly, geom) |
| SpatiaLite | Equals(poly, geom) |
exact, same_as¶
Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)
Tests if the geometry field is "equal" to the lookup geometry. On Oracle, MySQL, and SpatiaLite, it tests spatial equality, while on PostGIS it tests equality of bounding boxes.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly=geom)
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | poly ~= geom |
| Oracle | SDO_EQUAL(poly, geom) |
| MariaDB | ST_Equals(poly, geom) |
| MySQL | ST_Equals(poly, geom) |
| SpatiaLite | Equals(poly, geom) |
intersects¶
Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)
Tests if the geometry field spatially intersects the lookup geometry.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__intersects=geom)
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | ST_Intersects(poly, geom) |
| Oracle | SDO_OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT(poly, geom) |
| MariaDB | ST_Intersects(poly, geom) |
| MySQL | ST_Intersects(poly, geom) |
| SpatiaLite | Intersects(poly, geom) |
isvalid¶
Availability: MySQL (≥ 5.7.5), PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite
Tests if the geometry is valid.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__isvalid=True)
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| MySQL, PostGIS, SpatiaLite | ST_IsValid(poly) |
| Oracle | SDO_GEOM.VALIDATE_GEOMETRY_WITH_CONTEXT(poly, 0.05) = 'TRUE' |
overlaps¶
Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)
Tests if the geometry field spatially overlaps the lookup geometry.
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | ST_Overlaps(poly, geom) |
| Oracle | SDO_OVERLAPS(poly, geom) |
| MariaDB | ST_Overlaps(poly, geom) |
| MySQL | ST_Overlaps(poly, geom) |
| SpatiaLite | Overlaps(poly, geom) |
relate¶
Availability: PostGIS, MariaDB, Oracle, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Conversion)
Tests if the geometry field is spatially related to the lookup geometry by
the values given in the given pattern. This lookup requires a tuple parameter,
(geom, pattern); the form of pattern will depend on the spatial backend:
MariaDB, PostGIS, and SpatiaLite¶
On these spatial backends the intersection pattern is a string comprising
nine characters, which define intersections between the interior, boundary,
and exterior of the geometry field and the lookup geometry.
The intersection pattern matrix may only use the following characters:
1, 2, T, F, or *. This lookup type allows users to "fine tune"
a specific geometric relationship consistent with the DE-9IM model. [1]
Geometry example:
# A tuple lookup parameter is used to specify the geometry and
# the intersection pattern (the pattern here is for 'contains').
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__relate=(geom, 'T*T***FF*'))
PostGIS and MariaDB SQL equivalent:
SELECT ... WHERE ST_Relate(poly, geom, 'T*T***FF*')
SpatiaLite SQL equivalent:
SELECT ... WHERE Relate(poly, geom, 'T*T***FF*')
Raster example:
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__relate=(rast, 1, 'T*T***FF*'))
Zipcode.objects.filter(rast__2__relate=(rast, 1, 'T*T***FF*'))
PostGIS SQL equivalent:
SELECT ... WHERE ST_Relate(poly, ST_Polygon(rast, 1), 'T*T***FF*')
SELECT ... WHERE ST_Relate(ST_Polygon(rast, 2), ST_Polygon(rast, 1), 'T*T***FF*')
MariaDB support was added.
Oracle¶
Here the relation pattern is comprised of at least one of the nine relation
strings: TOUCH, OVERLAPBDYDISJOINT, OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT,
EQUAL, INSIDE, COVEREDBY, CONTAINS, COVERS, ON, and
ANYINTERACT. Multiple strings may be combined with the logical Boolean
operator OR, for example, 'inside+touch'. [2] The relation
strings are case-insensitive.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__relate=(geom, 'anyinteract'))
Oracle SQL equivalent:
SELECT ... WHERE SDO_RELATE(poly, geom, 'anyinteract')
touches¶
Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite
Tests if the geometry field spatially touches the lookup geometry.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__touches=geom)
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | ST_Touches(poly, geom) |
| MariaDB | ST_Touches(poly, geom) |
| MySQL | ST_Touches(poly, geom) |
| Oracle | SDO_TOUCH(poly, geom) |
| SpatiaLite | Touches(poly, geom) |
within¶
Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)
Tests if the geometry field is spatially within the lookup geometry.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__within=geom)
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | ST_Within(poly, geom) |
| MariaDB | ST_Within(poly, geom) |
| MySQL | ST_Within(poly, geom) |
| Oracle | SDO_INSIDE(poly, geom) |
| SpatiaLite | Within(poly, geom) |
left¶
Availability: PostGIS, PGRaster (Conversion)
Tests if the geometry field's bounding box is strictly to the left of the lookup geometry's bounding box.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__left=geom)
PostGIS equivalent:
SELECT ... WHERE poly << geom
right¶
Availability: PostGIS, PGRaster (Conversion)
Tests if the geometry field's bounding box is strictly to the right of the lookup geometry's bounding box.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__right=geom)
PostGIS equivalent:
SELECT ... WHERE poly >> geom
overlaps_left¶
Availability: PostGIS, PGRaster (Bilateral)
Tests if the geometry field's bounding box overlaps or is to the left of the lookup geometry's bounding box.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__overlaps_left=geom)
PostGIS equivalent:
SELECT ... WHERE poly &< geom
overlaps_right¶
Availability: PostGIS, PGRaster (Bilateral)
Tests if the geometry field's bounding box overlaps or is to the right of the lookup geometry's bounding box.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__overlaps_right=geom)
PostGIS equivalent:
SELECT ... WHERE poly &> geom
overlaps_above¶
Availability: PostGIS, PGRaster (Conversion)
Tests if the geometry field's bounding box overlaps or is above the lookup geometry's bounding box.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__overlaps_above=geom)
PostGIS equivalent:
SELECT ... WHERE poly |&> geom
overlaps_below¶
Availability: PostGIS, PGRaster (Conversion)
Tests if the geometry field's bounding box overlaps or is below the lookup geometry's bounding box.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__overlaps_below=geom)
PostGIS equivalent:
SELECT ... WHERE poly &<| geom
距离查找¶
Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Native)
For an overview on performing distance queries, please refer to the distance queries introduction.
Distance lookups take the following form:
<field>__<distance lookup>=(<geometry/raster>, <distance value>[, 'spheroid'])
<field>__<distance lookup>=(<raster>, <band_index>, <distance value>[, 'spheroid'])
<field>__<band_index>__<distance lookup>=(<raster>, <band_index>, <distance value>[, 'spheroid'])
The value passed into a distance lookup is a tuple; the first two
values are mandatory, and are the geometry to calculate distances to,
and a distance value (either a number in units of the field, a
Distance object, or a query
expression). To pass a band index to the lookup, use
a 3-tuple where the second entry is the band index.
On every distance lookup except dwithin, an optional element,
'spheroid', may be included to use the more accurate spheroid distance
calculation functions on fields with a geodetic coordinate system.
On PostgreSQL, the 'spheroid' option uses ST_DistanceSpheroid instead of
ST_DistanceSphere. The
simpler ST_Distance function is
used with projected coordinate systems. Rasters are converted to geometries for
spheroid based lookups.
distance_gt¶
Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup geometry is greater than the given distance value.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__distance_gt=(geom, D(m=5)))
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | ST_Distance/ST_Distance_Sphere(poly, geom) > 5 |
| MariaDB | ST_Distance(poly, geom) > 5 |
| MySQL | ST_Distance(poly, geom) > 5 |
| Oracle | SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 0.05) > 5 |
| SpatiaLite | Distance(poly, geom) > 5 |
distance_gte¶
Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup geometry is greater than or equal to the given distance value.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__distance_gte=(geom, D(m=5)))
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | ST_Distance/ST_Distance_Sphere(poly, geom) >= 5 |
| MariaDB | ST_Distance(poly, geom) >= 5 |
| MySQL | ST_Distance(poly, geom) >= 5 |
| Oracle | SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 0.05) >= 5 |
| SpatiaLite | Distance(poly, geom) >= 5 |
distance_lt¶
Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup geometry is less than the given distance value.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__distance_lt=(geom, D(m=5)))
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | ST_Distance/ST_Distance_Sphere(poly, geom) < 5 |
| MariaDB | ST_Distance(poly, geom) < 5 |
| MySQL | ST_Distance(poly, geom) < 5 |
| Oracle | SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 0.05) < 5 |
| SpatiaLite | Distance(poly, geom) < 5 |
distance_lte¶
Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup geometry is less than or equal to the given distance value.
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__distance_lte=(geom, D(m=5)))
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | ST_Distance/ST_Distance_Sphere(poly, geom) <= 5 |
| MariaDB | ST_Distance(poly, geom) <= 5 |
| MySQL | ST_Distance(poly, geom) <= 5 |
| Oracle | SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 0.05) <= 5 |
| SpatiaLite | Distance(poly, geom) <= 5 |
dwithin¶
Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup
geometry are within the given distance from one another. Note that you can only
provide Distance objects if the targeted
geometries are in a projected system. For geographic geometries, you should use
units of the geometry field (e.g. degrees for WGS84) .
举例：
Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__dwithin=(geom, D(m=5)))
| Backend | SQL Equivalent |
|---|---|
| PostGIS | ST_DWithin(poly, geom, 5) |
| Oracle | SDO_WITHIN_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 5) |
| SpatiaLite | PtDistWithin(poly, geom, 5) |
聚合函数¶
Django provides some GIS-specific aggregate functions. For details on how to use these aggregate functions, see the topic guide on aggregation.
| 关键字参数 | 描述 |
|---|---|
tolerance |
This keyword is for Oracle only. It is for the
tolerance value used by the SDOAGGRTYPE
procedure; the Oracle documentation has more
details. |
举例：
>>> from django.contrib.gis.db.models import Extent, Union
>>> WorldBorder.objects.aggregate(Extent('mpoly'), Union('mpoly'))
Collect¶
-
class
Collect(geo_field)¶
Availability: PostGIS, SpatiaLite
Returns a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION or a MULTI geometry object from the geometry
column. This is analogous to a simplified version of the Union
aggregate, except it can be several orders of magnitude faster than performing
a union because it rolls up geometries into a collection or multi object, not
caring about dissolving boundaries.
Extent¶
-
class
Extent(geo_field)¶
Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite
Returns the extent of all geo_field in the QuerySet as a four-tuple,
comprising the lower left coordinate and the upper right coordinate.
举例：
>>> qs = City.objects.filter(name__in=('Houston', 'Dallas')).aggregate(Extent('poly'))
>>> print(qs['poly__extent'])
(-96.8016128540039, 29.7633724212646, -95.3631439208984, 32.782058715820)
Extent3D¶
-
class
Extent3D(geo_field)¶
Availability: PostGIS
Returns the 3D extent of all geo_field in the QuerySet as a six-tuple,
comprising the lower left coordinate and upper right coordinate (each with x, y,
and z coordinates).
举例：
>>> qs = City.objects.filter(name__in=('Houston', 'Dallas')).aggregate(Extent3D('poly'))
>>> print(qs['poly__extent3d'])
(-96.8016128540039, 29.7633724212646, 0, -95.3631439208984, 32.782058715820, 0)
MakeLine¶
-
class
MakeLine(geo_field)¶
Availability: PostGIS, SpatiaLite
Returns a LineString constructed from the point field geometries in the
QuerySet. Currently, ordering the queryset has no effect.
举例：
>>> qs = City.objects.filter(name__in=('Houston', 'Dallas')).aggregate(MakeLine('poly'))
>>> print(qs['poly__makeline'])
LINESTRING (-95.3631510000000020 29.7633739999999989, -96.8016109999999941 32.7820570000000018)
Union¶
-
class
Union(geo_field)¶
Availability: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite
This method returns a GEOSGeometry object
comprising the union of every geometry in the queryset. Please note that use of
Union is processor intensive and may take a significant amount of time on
large querysets.
注解
If the computation time for using this method is too expensive, consider
using Collect instead.
举例：
>>> u = Zipcode.objects.aggregate(Union(poly)) # This may take a long time.
>>> u = Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__within=bbox).aggregate(Union(poly)) # A more sensible approach.
脚注
| [1] | See OpenGIS Simple Feature Specification For SQL, at Ch. 2.1.13.2, p. 2-13 (The Dimensionally Extended Nine-Intersection Model). |
| [2] | See SDO_RELATE documentation, from the Oracle Spatial and Graph Developer's Guide. |
| [3] | (1, 2) For an explanation of this routine, read Quirks of the "Contains" Spatial Predicate by Martin Davis (a PostGIS developer). |
