URL调度器

对于高质量的Web 应用来说，使用简洁、优雅的URL 模式是一个非常值得重视的细节。Django 允许你自由地设计你的URL，不受框架束缚。

参见万维网的发明者Berners-Lee 的 Cool URIs don't change，里面有关于为什么URL 应该保持整洁和有意义的卓越论证。

概况

为了给一个应用设计URL，你需要创建一个Python 模块，通常被称为**URLconf**(URL configuration)。这个模块是纯粹的Python 代码，包含URL 模式(简单的正则表达式)到Python 函数(你的视图)的简单映射。

映射可短可长，随便你。它可以引用其它的映射。而且，因为它是纯粹的Python 代码，它可以动态构造。

Django 还提供根据当前语言翻译URL 的一种方法。更多信息参见 国际化文档。

Django 如何处理一个请求

当一个用户请求Django 站点的一个页面，下面是Django 系统决定执行哪个Python 代码使用的算法：

  1. Django determines the root URLconf module to use. Ordinarily, this is the value of the ROOT_URLCONF setting, but if the incoming HttpRequest object has a urlconf attribute (set by middleware), its value will be used in place of the ROOT_URLCONF setting.
  2. Django loads that Python module and looks for the variable urlpatterns. This should be a Python list of django.urls.path() and/or django.urls.re_path() instances.
  3. Django 依次匹配每个URL 模式，在与请求的URL 匹配的第一个模式停下来。
  4. Once one of the URL patterns matches, Django imports and calls the given view, which is a simple Python function (or a class-based view). The view gets passed the following arguments:
    • 一个 HttpRequest 实例。
    • If the matched URL pattern returned no named groups, then the matches from the regular expression are provided as positional arguments.
    • The keyword arguments are made up of any named parts matched by the path expression, overridden by any arguments specified in the optional kwargs argument to django.urls.path() or django.urls.re_path().
  5. If no URL pattern matches, or if an exception is raised during any point in this process, Django invokes an appropriate error-handling view. See Error handling below.

例如

下面是一个简单的 URLconf:

from django.urls import path

from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('articles/2003/', views.special_case_2003),
    path('articles/<int:year>/', views.year_archive),
    path('articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/', views.month_archive),
    path('articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/<slug:slug>/', views.article_detail),
]

注意：

  • To capture a value from the URL, use angle brackets.
  • Captured values can optionally include a converter type. For example, use <int:name> to capture an integer parameter. If a converter isn't included, any string, excluding a / character, is matched.
  • There's no need to add a leading slash, because every URL has that. For example, it's articles, not /articles.

一些请求的例子：

  • A request to /articles/2005/03/ would match the third entry in the list. Django would call the function views.month_archive(request, year=2005, month=3).
  • /articles/2003/ would match the first pattern in the list, not the second one, because the patterns are tested in order, and the first one is the first test to pass. Feel free to exploit the ordering to insert special cases like this. Here, Django would call the function views.special_case_2003(request)
  • /articles/2003 would not match any of these patterns, because each pattern requires that the URL end with a slash.
  • /articles/2003/03/building-a-django-site/ would match the final pattern. Django would call the function views.article_detail(request, year=2003, month=3, slug="building-a-django-site").

Path converters

The following path converters are available by default:

  • str - Matches any non-empty string, excluding the path separator, '/'. This is the default if a converter isn't included in the expression.
  • int - Matches zero or any positive integer. Returns an int.
  • slug - Matches any slug string consisting of ASCII letters or numbers, plus the hyphen and underscore characters. For example, building-your-1st-django-site.
  • uuid - Matches a formatted UUID. To prevent multiple URLs from mapping to the same page, dashes must be included and letters must be lowercase. For example, 075194d3-6885-417e-a8a8-6c931e272f00. Returns a UUID instance.
  • path - Matches any non-empty string, including the path separator, '/'. This allows you to match against a complete URL path rather than just a segment of a URL path as with str.

Registering custom path converters

For more complex matching requirements, you can define your own path converters.

A converter is a class that includes the following:

  • A regex class attribute, as a string.
  • A to_python(self, value) method, which handles converting the matched string into the type that should be passed to the view function. It should raise ValueError if it can't convert the given value.
  • A to_url(self, value) method, which handles converting the Python type into a string to be used in the URL.

例如:

class FourDigitYearConverter:
    regex = '[0-9]{4}'

    def to_python(self, value):
        return int(value)

    def to_url(self, value):
        return '%04d' % value

Register custom converter classes in your URLconf using register_converter():

from django.urls import path, register_converter

from . import converters, views

register_converter(converters.FourDigitYearConverter, 'yyyy')

urlpatterns = [
    path('articles/2003/', views.special_case_2003),
    path('articles/<yyyy:year>/', views.year_archive),
    ...
]

Using regular expressions

If the paths and converters syntax isn't sufficient for defining your URL patterns, you can also use regular expressions. To do so, use re_path() instead of path().

In Python regular expressions, the syntax for named regular expression groups is (?P<name>pattern), where name is the name of the group and pattern is some pattern to match.

Here's the example URLconf from earlier, rewritten using regular expressions:

from django.urls import path, re_path

from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('articles/2003/', views.special_case_2003),
    re_path(r'^articles/(?P<year>[0-9]{4})/$', views.year_archive),
    re_path(r'^articles/(?P<year>[0-9]{4})/(?P<month>[0-9]{2})/$', views.month_archive),
    re_path(r'^articles/(?P<year>[0-9]{4})/(?P<month>[0-9]{2})/(?P<slug>[\w-]+)/$', views.article_detail),
]

This accomplishes roughly the same thing as the previous example, except:

  • The exact URLs that will match are slightly more constrained. For example, the year 10000 will no longer match since the year integers are constrained to be exactly four digits long.
  • Each captured argument is sent to the view as a string, regardless of what sort of match the regular expression makes.

When switching from using path() to re_path() or vice versa, it's particularly important to be aware that the type of the view arguments may change, and so you may need to adapt your views.

Using unnamed regular expression groups

As well as the named group syntax, e.g. (?P<year>[0-9]{4}), you can also use the shorter unnamed group, e.g. ([0-9]{4}).

This usage isn't particularly recommended as it makes it easier to accidentally introduce errors between the intended meaning of a match and the arguments of the view.

In either case, using only one style within a given regex is recommended. When both styles are mixed, any unnamed groups are ignored and only named groups are passed to the view function.

Nested arguments

Regular expressions allow nested arguments, and Django will resolve them and pass them to the view. When reversing, Django will try to fill in all outer captured arguments, ignoring any nested captured arguments. Consider the following URL patterns which optionally take a page argument:

from django.urls import re_path

urlpatterns = [
    re_path(r'^blog/(page-(\d+)/)?$', blog_articles),                  # bad
    re_path(r'^comments/(?:page-(?P<page_number>\d+)/)?$', comments),  # good
]

Both patterns use nested arguments and will resolve: for example, blog/page-2/ will result in a match to blog_articles with two positional arguments: page-2/ and 2. The second pattern for comments will match comments/page-2/ with keyword argument page_number set to 2. The outer argument in this case is a non-capturing argument (?:...).

The blog_articles view needs the outermost captured argument to be reversed, page-2/ or no arguments in this case, while comments can be reversed with either no arguments or a value for page_number.

Nested captured arguments create a strong coupling between the view arguments and the URL as illustrated by blog_articles: the view receives part of the URL (page-2/) instead of only the value the view is interested in. This coupling is even more pronounced when reversing, since to reverse the view we need to pass the piece of URL instead of the page number.

As a rule of thumb, only capture the values the view needs to work with and use non-capturing arguments when the regular expression needs an argument but the view ignores it.

URLconf 在什么上查找

请求的URL被看做是一个普通的Python 字符串， URLconf在其上查找并匹配。进行匹配时将不包括GET或POST请求方式的参数以及域名。

例如， https://www.example.com/myapp/ 请求中，URLconf 将查找 myapp/

在 https://www.example.com/myapp/?page=3 请求中，URLconf 仍将查找 myapp/ 。

URLconf 不检查使用了哪种请求方法。换句话讲，所有的请求方法 —— 即，对同一个URL的无论是 POST请求 、 GET请求 、或 HEAD 请求方法等等 —— 都将路由到相同的函数。

指定视图参数的默认值

有一个方便的小技巧是指定视图参数的默认值。 下面是一个URLconf 和视图的示例：

# URLconf
from django.urls import path

from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('blog/', views.page),
    path('blog/page<int:num>/', views.page),
]

# View (in blog/views.py)
def page(request, num=1):
    # Output the appropriate page of blog entries, according to num.
    ...

In the above example, both URL patterns point to the same view -- views.page -- but the first pattern doesn't capture anything from the URL. If the first pattern matches, the page() function will use its default argument for num, 1. If the second pattern matches, page() will use whatever num value was captured.

性能

Each regular expression in a urlpatterns is compiled the first time it's accessed. This makes the system blazingly fast.

urlpatterns 变量的语法

urlpatterns should be a Python list of path() and/or re_path() instances.

错误处理

When Django can't find a match for the requested URL, or when an exception is raised, Django invokes an error-handling view.

这些情况发生时使用的视图通过4个变量指定。它们的默认值应该满足大部分项目，但是通过赋值给它们以进一步的自定义也是可以的。

完整的细节请参见 自定义错误视图 。

这些值得在你的根URLconf 中设置。在其它URLconf 中设置这些变量将不会生效果。

它们的值必须是可调用的或者是表示视图的Python 完整导入路径的字符串，可以方便地调用它们来处理错误情况。

这些值是：

包含其它的URLconfs

在任何时候，你的 urlpatterns 都可以 "include" 其它URLconf 模块。这实际上将一部分URL 放置于其它URL 下面。

例如，下面是URLconf Django website 自己的URLconf 中一个片段。它包含许多其它URLconf：

from django.urls import include, path

urlpatterns = [
    # ... snip ...
    path('community/', include('aggregator.urls')),
    path('contact/', include('contact.urls')),
    # ... snip ...
]

Whenever Django encounters include(), it chops off whatever part of the URL matched up to that point and sends the remaining string to the included URLconf for further processing.

Another possibility is to include additional URL patterns by using a list of path() instances. For example, consider this URLconf:

from django.urls import include, path

from apps.main import views as main_views
from credit import views as credit_views

extra_patterns = [
    path('reports/', credit_views.report),
    path('reports/<int:id>/', credit_views.report),
    path('charge/', credit_views.charge),
]

urlpatterns = [
    path('', main_views.homepage),
    path('help/', include('apps.help.urls')),
    path('credit/', include(extra_patterns)),
]

在这个例子中， /credit/reports/ URL将被 credit.views.report() 这个Django 视图处理。

这种方法可以用来去除URLconf 中的冗余，其中某个模式前缀被重复使用。例如，考虑这个URLconf:

from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('<page_slug>-<page_id>/history/', views.history),
    path('<page_slug>-<page_id>/edit/', views.edit),
    path('<page_slug>-<page_id>/discuss/', views.discuss),
    path('<page_slug>-<page_id>/permissions/', views.permissions),
]

我们可以改进它，通过只声明共同的路径前缀一次并将后面的部分分组:

from django.urls import include, path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('<page_slug>-<page_id>/', include([
        path('history/', views.history),
        path('edit/', views.edit),
        path('discuss/', views.discuss),
        path('permissions/', views.permissions),
    ])),
]

捕获的参数

被包含的URLconf 会收到来自父URLconf 捕获的任何参数，所以下面的例子是合法的:

# In settings/urls/main.py
from django.urls import include, path

urlpatterns = [
    path('<username>/blog/', include('foo.urls.blog')),
]

# In foo/urls/blog.py
from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.blog.index),
    path('archive/', views.blog.archive),
]

在上面的例子中，捕获的 "username" 变量将被如期传递给include()指向的URLconf。

Passing extra options to view functions

URLconfs have a hook that lets you pass extra arguments to your view functions, as a Python dictionary.

The path() function can take an optional third argument which should be a dictionary of extra keyword arguments to pass to the view function.

例如:

from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('blog/<int:year>/', views.year_archive, {'foo': 'bar'}),
]

In this example, for a request to /blog/2005/, Django will call views.year_archive(request, year=2005, foo='bar').

This technique is used in the syndication framework to pass metadata and options to views.

Dealing with conflicts

It's possible to have a URL pattern which captures named keyword arguments, and also passes arguments with the same names in its dictionary of extra arguments. When this happens, the arguments in the dictionary will be used instead of the arguments captured in the URL.

Passing extra options to include()

Similarly, you can pass extra options to include() and each line in the included URLconf will be passed the extra options.

For example, these two URLconf sets are functionally identical:

Set one:

# main.py
from django.urls import include, path

urlpatterns = [
    path('blog/', include('inner'), {'blog_id': 3}),
]

# inner.py
from django.urls import path
from mysite import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('archive/', views.archive),
    path('about/', views.about),
]

Set two:

# main.py
from django.urls import include, path
from mysite import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('blog/', include('inner')),
]

# inner.py
from django.urls import path

urlpatterns = [
    path('archive/', views.archive, {'blog_id': 3}),
    path('about/', views.about, {'blog_id': 3}),
]

Note that extra options will always be passed to every line in the included URLconf, regardless of whether the line's view actually accepts those options as valid. For this reason, this technique is only useful if you're certain that every view in the included URLconf accepts the extra options you're passing.

Reverse resolution of URLs

A common need when working on a Django project is the possibility to obtain URLs in their final forms either for embedding in generated content (views and assets URLs, URLs shown to the user, etc.) or for handling of the navigation flow on the server side (redirections, etc.)

It is strongly desirable to avoid hard-coding these URLs (a laborious, non-scalable and error-prone strategy). Equally dangerous is devising ad-hoc mechanisms to generate URLs that are parallel to the design described by the URLconf, which can result in the production of URLs that become stale over time.

In other words, what's needed is a DRY mechanism. Among other advantages it would allow evolution of the URL design without having to go over all the project source code to search and replace outdated URLs.

The primary piece of information we have available to get a URL is an identification (e.g. the name) of the view in charge of handling it. Other pieces of information that necessarily must participate in the lookup of the right URL are the types (positional, keyword) and values of the view arguments.

Django provides a solution such that the URL mapper is the only repository of the URL design. You feed it with your URLconf and then it can be used in both directions:

  • Starting with a URL requested by the user/browser, it calls the right Django view providing any arguments it might need with their values as extracted from the URL.
  • Starting with the identification of the corresponding Django view plus the values of arguments that would be passed to it, obtain the associated URL.

The first one is the usage we've been discussing in the previous sections. The second one is what is known as reverse resolution of URLs, reverse URL matching, reverse URL lookup, or simply URL reversing.

Django provides tools for performing URL reversing that match the different layers where URLs are needed:

  • In templates: Using the url template tag.
  • In Python code: Using the reverse() function.
  • In higher level code related to handling of URLs of Django model instances: The get_absolute_url() method.

示例

Consider again this URLconf entry:

from django.urls import path

from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    #...
    path('articles/<int:year>/', views.year_archive, name='news-year-archive'),
    #...
]

According to this design, the URL for the archive corresponding to year nnnn is /articles/<nnnn>/.

You can obtain these in template code by using:

<a href="{% url 'news-year-archive' 2012 %}">2012 Archive</a>
{# Or with the year in a template context variable: #}
<ul>
{% for yearvar in year_list %}
<li><a href="{% url 'news-year-archive' yearvar %}">{{ yearvar }} Archive</a></li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>

Or in Python code:

from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.urls import reverse

def redirect_to_year(request):
    # ...
    year = 2006
    # ...
    return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('news-year-archive', args=(year,)))

If, for some reason, it was decided that the URLs where content for yearly article archives are published at should be changed then you would only need to change the entry in the URLconf.

In some scenarios where views are of a generic nature, a many-to-one relationship might exist between URLs and views. For these cases the view name isn't a good enough identifier for it when comes the time of reversing URLs. Read the next section to know about the solution Django provides for this.

Naming URL patterns

In order to perform URL reversing, you'll need to use named URL patterns as done in the examples above. The string used for the URL name can contain any characters you like. You are not restricted to valid Python names.

When naming URL patterns, choose names that are unlikely to clash with other applications' choice of names. If you call your URL pattern comment and another application does the same thing, the URL that reverse() finds depends on whichever pattern is last in your project's urlpatterns list.

Putting a prefix on your URL names, perhaps derived from the application name (such as myapp-comment instead of comment), decreases the chance of collision.

You can deliberately choose the same URL name as another application if you want to override a view. For example, a common use case is to override the LoginView. Parts of Django and most third-party apps assume that this view has a URL pattern with the name login. If you have a custom login view and give its URL the name login, reverse() will find your custom view as long as it's in urlpatterns after django.contrib.auth.urls is included (if that's included at all).

You may also use the same name for multiple URL patterns if they differ in their arguments. In addition to the URL name, reverse() matches the number of arguments and the names of the keyword arguments.

URL namespaces

介绍

URL namespaces allow you to uniquely reverse named URL patterns even if different applications use the same URL names. It's a good practice for third-party apps to always use namespaced URLs (as we did in the tutorial). Similarly, it also allows you to reverse URLs if multiple instances of an application are deployed. In other words, since multiple instances of a single application will share named URLs, namespaces provide a way to tell these named URLs apart.

Django applications that make proper use of URL namespacing can be deployed more than once for a particular site. For example django.contrib.admin has an AdminSite class which allows you to easily deploy more than one instance of the admin. In a later example, we'll discuss the idea of deploying the polls application from the tutorial in two different locations so we can serve the same functionality to two different audiences (authors and publishers).

A URL namespace comes in two parts, both of which are strings:

application namespace
This describes the name of the application that is being deployed. Every instance of a single application will have the same application namespace. For example, Django's admin application has the somewhat predictable application namespace of 'admin'.
instance namespace
This identifies a specific instance of an application. Instance namespaces should be unique across your entire project. However, an instance namespace can be the same as the application namespace. This is used to specify a default instance of an application. For example, the default Django admin instance has an instance namespace of 'admin'.

Namespaced URLs are specified using the ':' operator. For example, the main index page of the admin application is referenced using 'admin:index'. This indicates a namespace of 'admin', and a named URL of 'index'.

Namespaces can also be nested. The named URL 'sports:polls:index' would look for a pattern named 'index' in the namespace 'polls' that is itself defined within the top-level namespace 'sports'.

Reversing namespaced URLs

When given a namespaced URL (e.g. 'polls:index') to resolve, Django splits the fully qualified name into parts and then tries the following lookup:

  1. First, Django looks for a matching application namespace (in this example, 'polls'). This will yield a list of instances of that application.

  2. If there is a current application defined, Django finds and returns the URL resolver for that instance. The current application can be specified with the current_app argument to the reverse() function.

    The url template tag uses the namespace of the currently resolved view as the current application in a RequestContext. You can override this default by setting the current application on the request.current_app attribute.

  3. If there is no current application, Django looks for a default application instance. The default application instance is the instance that has an instance namespace matching the application namespace (in this example, an instance of polls called 'polls').

  4. If there is no default application instance, Django will pick the last deployed instance of the application, whatever its instance name may be.

  5. If the provided namespace doesn't match an application namespace in step 1, Django will attempt a direct lookup of the namespace as an instance namespace.

If there are nested namespaces, these steps are repeated for each part of the namespace until only the view name is unresolved. The view name will then be resolved into a URL in the namespace that has been found.

例如

To show this resolution strategy in action, consider an example of two instances of the polls application from the tutorial: one called 'author-polls' and one called 'publisher-polls'. Assume we have enhanced that application so that it takes the instance namespace into consideration when creating and displaying polls.

urls.py
from django.urls import include, path

urlpatterns = [
    path('author-polls/', include('polls.urls', namespace='author-polls')),
    path('publisher-polls/', include('polls.urls', namespace='publisher-polls')),
]
polls/urls.py
from django.urls import path

from . import views

app_name = 'polls'
urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
    path('<int:pk>/', views.DetailView.as_view(), name='detail'),
    ...
]

Using this setup, the following lookups are possible:

  • If one of the instances is current - say, if we were rendering the detail page in the instance 'author-polls' - 'polls:index' will resolve to the index page of the 'author-polls' instance; i.e. both of the following will result in "/author-polls/".

    In the method of a class-based view:

    reverse('polls:index', current_app=self.request.resolver_match.namespace)

    and in the template:

    {% url 'polls:index' %}

  • If there is no current instance - say, if we were rendering a page somewhere else on the site - 'polls:index' will resolve to the last registered instance of polls. Since there is no default instance (instance namespace of 'polls'), the last instance of polls that is registered will be used. This would be 'publisher-polls' since it's declared last in the urlpatterns.

  • 'author-polls:index' will always resolve to the index page of the instance 'author-polls' (and likewise for 'publisher-polls') .

If there were also a default instance - i.e., an instance named 'polls' - the only change from above would be in the case where there is no current instance (the second item in the list above). In this case 'polls:index' would resolve to the index page of the default instance instead of the instance declared last in urlpatterns.

URL namespaces and included URLconfs

Application namespaces of included URLconfs can be specified in two ways.

Firstly, you can set an app_name attribute in the included URLconf module, at the same level as the urlpatterns attribute. You have to pass the actual module, or a string reference to the module, to include(), not the list of urlpatterns itself.

polls/urls.py
from django.urls import path

from . import views

app_name = 'polls'
urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
    path('<int:pk>/', views.DetailView.as_view(), name='detail'),
    ...
]
urls.py
from django.urls import include, path

urlpatterns = [
    path('polls/', include('polls.urls')),
]

The URLs defined in polls.urls will have an application namespace polls.

Secondly, you can include an object that contains embedded namespace data. If you include() a list of path() or re_path() instances, the URLs contained in that object will be added to the global namespace. However, you can also include() a 2-tuple containing:

(<list of path()/re_path() instances>, <application namespace>)

例如:

from django.urls import include, path

from . import views

polls_patterns = ([
    path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
    path('<int:pk>/', views.DetailView.as_view(), name='detail'),
], 'polls')

urlpatterns = [
    path('polls/', include(polls_patterns)),
]

This will include the nominated URL patterns into the given application namespace.

The instance namespace can be specified using the namespace argument to include(). If the instance namespace is not specified, it will default to the included URLconf's application namespace. This means it will also be the default instance for that namespace.

处理 HTTP 请求
Writing views
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