Zarządzanie plikami statycznymi (np. zdjęcia, JavaScript, CSS)

Strony internetowe na ogół wymagają serwowania dodatkowych plików takich jak zdjęcia, skrypty JavaScript lub style CSS. W Django nazywamy te pliki „plikami statycznymi”. _Django zapewnia django.contrib.staticfiles, aby ułatwić zarządzanie nimi.

Ta strona opisuje jak możesz serwować te pliki statyczne.

Konfigurowanie plików statycznych

1. Make sure that django.contrib.staticfiles is included in your INSTALLED_APPS.

2. In your settings file, define STATIC_URL, for example:

   STATIC_URL = '/static/'
   

3. In your templates, use the static template tag to build the URL for the given relative path using the configured STATICFILES_STORAGE.

   {% load static %}
   <img src="{% static 'my_app/example.jpg' %}" alt="My image">
   

4. Store your static files in a folder called static in your app. For example my_app/static/my_app/example.jpg.

Serwowanie plików

In addition to these configuration steps, you’ll also need to actually serve the static files.

During development, if you use django.contrib.staticfiles, this will be done automatically by runserver when DEBUG is set to True (see django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve()).

Ta metoda jest skrajnie nieefektywna i prawdopodobnie niebezpieczna, więc jest nieodpowiednia do celów produkcyjnych,

Zobacz Wdrażanie plików statycznych, aby wybrać odpowiednią strategię serwowania plików statycznych w środowisku produkcyjnym.

Your project will probably also have static assets that aren’t tied to a particular app. In addition to using a static/ directory inside your apps, you can define a list of directories (STATICFILES_DIRS) in your settings file where Django will also look for static files. For example:

STATICFILES_DIRS = [
    BASE_DIR / "static",
    '/var/www/static/',
]

See the documentation for the STATICFILES_FINDERS setting for details on how staticfiles finds your files.

Przestrzeń nazw plików statycznych

Now we might be able to get away with putting our static files directly in my_app/static/ (rather than creating another my_app subdirectory), but it would actually be a bad idea. Django will use the first static file it finds whose name matches, and if you had a static file with the same name in a different application, Django would be unable to distinguish between them. We need to be able to point Django at the right one, and the best way to ensure this is by namespacing them. That is, by putting those static files inside another directory named for the application itself.

You can namespace static assets in STATICFILES_DIRS by specifying prefixes.

Serwowanie plików statycznych podczas rozwoju projektu

If you use django.contrib.staticfiles as explained above, runserver will do this automatically when DEBUG is set to True. If you don’t have django.contrib.staticfiles in INSTALLED_APPS, you can still manually serve static files using the django.views.static.serve() view.

To nie jest odpowiednie do zastosowań produkcyjnych! Aby poznać popularne strategie wdrożeniowe, zobacz Wdrażanie plików statycznych.

For example, if your STATIC_URL is defined as /static/, you can do this by adding the following snippet to your urls.py:

from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls.static import static

urlpatterns = [
    # ... the rest of your URLconf goes here ...
] + static(settings.STATIC_URL, document_root=settings.STATIC_ROOT)

Informacja

This helper function works only in debug mode and only if the given prefix is local (e.g. /static/) and not a URL (e.g. http://static.example.com/).

Also this helper function only serves the actual STATIC_ROOT folder; it doesn’t perform static files discovery like django.contrib.staticfiles.

Serwowanie plików przesłanych przez użytkownika w trakcie rozwoju projektu

During development, you can serve user-uploaded media files from MEDIA_ROOT using the django.views.static.serve() view.

To nie jest odpowiednie do zastosowań produkcyjnych! Aby poznać popularne strategie wdrożeniowe, zobacz Wdrażanie plików statycznych.

For example, if your MEDIA_URL is defined as /media/, you can do this by adding the following snippet to your ROOT_URLCONF:

from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls.static import static

urlpatterns = [
    # ... the rest of your URLconf goes here ...
] + static(settings.MEDIA_URL, document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)

Informacja

This helper function works only in debug mode and only if the given prefix is local (e.g. /media/) and not a URL (e.g. http://media.example.com/).

Testowanie

When running tests that use actual HTTP requests instead of the built-in testing client (i.e. when using the built-in LiveServerTestCase) the static assets need to be served along the rest of the content so the test environment reproduces the real one as faithfully as possible, but LiveServerTestCase has only very basic static file-serving functionality: It doesn’t know about the finders feature of the staticfiles application and assumes the static content has already been collected under STATIC_ROOT.

Because of this, staticfiles ships its own django.contrib.staticfiles.testing.StaticLiveServerTestCase, a subclass of the built-in one that has the ability to transparently serve all the assets during execution of these tests in a way very similar to what we get at development time with DEBUG = True, i.e. without having to collect them using collectstatic first.

Wdrażanie

django.contrib.staticfiles provides a convenience management command for gathering static files in a single directory so you can serve them easily.

1. Set the STATIC_ROOT setting to the directory from which you’d like to serve these files, for example:

   STATIC_ROOT = "/var/www/example.com/static/"
   

2. Wykonaj polecenie collectstatic:

   $ python manage.py collectstatic
   

   This will copy all files from your static folders into the STATIC_ROOT directory.

3. Use a web server of your choice to serve the files. Wdrażanie plików statycznych covers some common deployment strategies for static files.

Czytaj więcej

This document has covered the basics and some common usage patterns. For complete details on all the settings, commands, template tags, and other pieces included in django.contrib.staticfiles, see the staticfiles reference.