django-admin と manage.py

django-admin は Django の管理タスクのためのコマンドラインユーティリティです。このドキュメントでは、その機能の全体を一通り説明します。

さらに、manage.py は各 Django プロジェクト内に自動的に作成されます。jango-admin と同じことができますが、DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE を設定することもでき、プロジェクトの settings.py を指定できます。

Django を pip 経由でインストールした場合、 django-admin はシステムパス上に設定されているはずです。もしシステムパスにない場合、仮想環境が有効になっていることを確認してください。

通常、単体の Django プロジェクトを用いる場合、django-admin よりも manage.py の方が簡単に利用できます。もし複数の Django 設定ファイル間での切り替えが必要な場合は、django-admin を DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE もしくは --settings オプションと共に利用してください。

本項ではコマンドラインの実行例は一貫して django-admin を使用しますが、実行例は全て manage.py もしくは python -m django でも同様に利用可能です。

使い方

Linux/macOS

$ django-admin <command> [options]
$ manage.py <command> [options]
$ python -m django <command> [options]

Windows

...\> django-admin <command> [options]
...\> manage.py <command> [options]
...\> py -m django <command> [options]

command にはこのドキュメントに一覧されたコマンドの1つでなければなりません。options はオプションで、与えられたコマンドで利用できる 0 個以上のオプションを指定します。

ランタイムのヘルプを表示する

django-admin help

django-admin help を実行すると、使用方法の情報と、各アプリケーションが提供するコマンドのリストが表示されます。

django-admin help --commands を実行すると、利用可能な全てのコマンドの一覧が表示されます。

django-admin help <command> を実行すると、与えられたコマンドの説明と利用可能なオプションの一覧が表示されます。

アプリ名

多くのコマンドは「アプリ名」のリストを取ります。1つの「アプリ名」はモデルを含むパッケージのベースネーム (basename) となります。たとえば、INSTALLED_APPS が文字列 'mysite.blog' を含む場合、アプリ名は blog になります。

バージョンを特定する

django-admin version

django-admin version を実行すると、現在の Django のバージョンが表示されます。

出力は、次のように PEP 440 で説明されたスキーマに従います。

1.4.dev17026
1.4a1
1.4

デバック出力を表示する

サポートされている場合に --verbosity を使うと、django-admin がコンソールに表示する通知とデバッグ情報の量を指定できます。

利用可能なコマンド

check

django-admin check [app_label [app_label ...]]

システムチェック フレームワーク を使用して、Django プロジェクト全体のよくある問題を検査します。

デフォルトでは、全てのアプリがチェックされます。アプリのサブセットをチェックするには、次のようにアプリのラベルの一覧を引数として渡します。

django-admin check auth admin myapp

--tag TAGS, -t TAGS

システムチェック フレームワークは、:ref:`タグでカテゴリ化された <system-check-builtin-tags>`さまざまな種類のチェックを実行します。これらのタグを使用すると、特定のカテゴリ内のタグだけに実行するチェックを制限できます。たとえば、モデルと互換性のチェックだけを実行するには、次のコマンドを実行します。

django-admin check --tag models --tag compatibility

--database DATABASE

データベースアクセスが必要なチェックを実行するには、次のようにデータベースを指定します。

django-admin check --database default --database other

デフォルトでは、これらのチェックは実行されません。

--list-tags

利用可能なタグを一覧します。

--deploy

デプロイメントの設定にだけ関係のある、いくつかの追加チェックを有効化します。

このオプションはローカルの開発環境で使えますが、ローカルの開発の設定モジュールは本番の設定の多くがないかもしれないため、おそらく DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE 環境変数を設定するか、--settings オプションを渡すことで、異なる設定モジュールを指定したくなるでしょう。

django-admin check --deploy --settings=production_settings

あるいは、(--settings を省略して) 正しい設定が使用されていることを検証するために、本番かステージングのデプロイメントで直接実行することも可能です。

--fail-level {CRITICAL,ERROR,WARNING,INFO,DEBUG}

0 以外のステータスでコマンドを終了させるメッセージレベルを指定します。デフォルトは ERROR です。

compilemessages

django-admin compilemessages

ビルトインの gettext サポートで使用できるように、makemessages が作成した .po ファイルを .mo ファイルにコンパイルします。詳しくは 国際化とローカル化 を参照してください。

--locale LOCALE, -l LOCALE

処理する locale を指定します。提供されなかった場合、すべてのロケールが処理されます。

--exclude EXCLUDE, -x EXCLUDE

処理から除外する locale を指定します。提供されなかった場合、どのロケールも除外されません。

--use-fuzzy, -f

fuzzy な翻訳 をコンパイルされたファイルに含めます

Example usage:

django-admin compilemessages --locale=pt_BR
django-admin compilemessages --locale=pt_BR --locale=fr -f
django-admin compilemessages -l pt_BR
django-admin compilemessages -l pt_BR -l fr --use-fuzzy
django-admin compilemessages --exclude=pt_BR
django-admin compilemessages --exclude=pt_BR --exclude=fr
django-admin compilemessages -x pt_BR
django-admin compilemessages -x pt_BR -x fr

--ignore PATTERN, -i PATTERN

与えられた glob スタイルのパターンに一致するディレクトリを無視します。 何度も無視するためには複数回使用してください。

Example usage:

django-admin compilemessages --ignore=cache --ignore=outdated/*/locale

createcachetable

django-admin createcachetable

設定ファイルからの情報を使用して、データベース キャッシュ バックエンドで使用するためのキャッシュテーブルを作成します。詳細な情報については、 Django's cache framework を参照してください。

--database DATABASE

キャッシュテーブルを作成するデータベースを指定します。デフォルトは default です。

--dry-run

実行予定の SQL を、実際には実行せずに出力します。これにより、SQL をカスタマイズしたり、マイグレーション フレームワークを使用できます。

dbshell

django-admin dbshell

USER や PASSWORD などの設定で指定されたコネクション パラメータを使用して、ENGINE 設定で指定されたデータベースエンジン用のコマンドライン クライアントを実行します。

• PostgreSQL の場合、psql コマンドライン クライアントが実行されます。
• MySQL の場合、mysql コマンドライン クライアントが実行されます。
• SQLite の場合、sqlite3 コマンドライン クライアントが実行されます。
• Oracle の場合、sqlplus コマンドライン クライアントが実行されます。

このコマンドは、プログラム名 (psql、mysql、sqlite3、sqlplus) の呼び出しで正しい場所にあるプログラムが見つかるように PATH が設定されているを想定しています。プログラムの場所を手動で指定する方法はありません。

--database DATABASE

シェルをオープンするデータベースを指定します。デフォルトは default です。

-- ARGUMENTS

-- 区切り文字に続く引数は、ベースのコマンドライン クライアントに渡されます。たとえば、PostgreSQL では、次のように psql コマンドの -c フラグを使うことで、素の SQL クエリを直接実行できます。

Linux/macOS

$ django-admin dbshell -- -c 'select current_user'
 current_user
--------------
 postgres
(1 row)

Windows

...\> django-admin dbshell -- -c 'select current_user'
 current_user
--------------
 postgres
(1 row)

MySQL/MariaDB では、次のように mysql の -e フラグを使用すると実行できます。

Linux/macOS

$ django-admin dbshell -- -e "select user()"
+----------------------+
| user()               |
+----------------------+
| djangonaut@localhost |
+----------------------+

Windows

...\> django-admin dbshell -- -e "select user()"
+----------------------+
| user()               |
+----------------------+
| djangonaut@localhost |
+----------------------+

注釈

必ずしもデータベース設定の OPTIONS 部分で指定されたすべてのオプションがコマンドライン クライアントに渡されるわけではないことに注意してください (例: 'isolation_level')。

diffsettings

django-admin diffsettings

現在の設定ファイルと Django のデフォルトの設定 (または他の --default で指定された設定ファイル) の違いを表示します。

デフォルトに現れない設定には "###" が続きます。たとえば、デフォルト設定が ROOT_URLCONF を定義していない場合、diffsettings の出力内の ROOT_URLCONF の後には "###" が表示されます

--all

Django のデフォルト値が設定されていたとしても、すべての設定を表示する。このような設定には、前に "###" という接頭辞が付きます。

--default MODULE

現在の設定の比較対象にする設定モジュール。空にすると、Django のデフォルトの設定と比較します。

--output {hash,unified}

出力フォーマットを指定します。指定可能な値は hash と unified です。hash はデフォルトのモードで、上に説明したような出力を表示します。unified は diff -u に似た出力を表示します。デフォルトの設定はマイナス記号が前に付き、その後にプラス記号が前についた変更された設定が続きます。

dumpdata

django-admin dumpdata [app_label[.ModelName] [app_label[.ModelName] ...]]

名前を指定したアプリケーションと関連するデータベースの中のすべてのデータを、標準出力にアウトプットします。

アプリケーション名が指定されなかった場合、インストールされたすべてのアプリケーションをダンプします。

dumpdata のアウトプットは loaddata に対するインプットして使用できます。

dumpdata の出力をファイルとして保存すると、テスト や、初期データ として活用できます。

dumpdata は、ダンプするレコードを選択するために、モデルのデフォルトのマネージャを使用することに注意してください。カスタム マネージャ をデフォルトのマネージャとして使用していて、利用できるレコードの一部をフィルタリングしている場合、必ずしもすべてのオブジェクトがダンプされるわけではありません。

--all, -a

レコードをダンプする際に、フィルタリングまたは変更される可能性があるカスタム マネージャーの代わりに、Django のベース マネージャを使用します。

--format FORMAT

出力のシリアル化フォーマットを指定します。デフォルトは JSON です。対応フォーマットは Serialization formats に一覧があります。

--indent INDENT

出力で使用するインデントのスペースの数を指定します。デフォルトは None で、全てのデータを1行で表示します。

--exclude EXCLUDE, -e EXCLUDE

(app_label.ModelName の形式で指定された) 特定のアプリケーションやモデルがダンプされるのを防ぎます。モデル名を指定した場合には、アプリケーション全体ではなく、そのモデルだけが除外されます。アプリケーション名とモデル名を混ぜることもできます。

複数のアプリケーションを除外したいときは、--exclude を複数回渡してください。

django-admin dumpdata --exclude=auth --exclude=contenttypes

--database DATABASE

データをダンプするデータベースを指定します。デフォルトは default です。

--natural-foreign

natural_key() モデルメソッドを使用して、任意の外部キーと多対多リレーションを、メソッドを定義している種類のオブジェクトにシリアル化します。contrib.auth の Permission オブジェクトや contrib.contenttypes の ContentType オブジェクトをダンプする場合、おそらくこのフラグを使う必要があります。このオプションと次のオプションの詳細については、natural keys ドキュメントを見てください。

--natural-primary

Omits the primary key in the serialized data of this object since it can be calculated during deserialization.

--pks PRIMARY_KEYS

Outputs only the objects specified by a comma separated list of primary keys. This is only available when dumping one model. By default, all the records of the model are output.

--output OUTPUT, -o OUTPUT

Specifies a file to write the serialized data to. By default, the data goes to standard output.

When this option is set and --verbosity is greater than 0 (the default), a progress bar is shown in the terminal.

Fixtures compression

The output file can be compressed with one of the bz2, gz, lzma, or xz formats by ending the filename with the corresponding extension. For example, to output the data as a compressed JSON file:

django-admin dumpdata -o mydata.json.gz

flush

django-admin flush

Removes all data from the database and re-executes any post-synchronization handlers. The table of which migrations have been applied is not cleared.

If you would rather start from an empty database and rerun all migrations, you should drop and recreate the database and then run migrate instead.

--noinput, --no-input

Suppresses all user prompts.

--database DATABASE

Specifies the database to flush. Defaults to default.

inspectdb

django-admin inspectdb [table [table ...]]

Introspects the database tables in the database pointed-to by the NAME setting and outputs a Django model module (a models.py file) to standard output.

You may choose what tables or views to inspect by passing their names as arguments. If no arguments are provided, models are created for views only if the --include-views option is used. Models for partition tables are created on PostgreSQL if the --include-partitions option is used.

Use this if you have a legacy database with which you'd like to use Django. The script will inspect the database and create a model for each table within it.

As you might expect, the created models will have an attribute for every field in the table. Note that inspectdb has a few special cases in its field-name output:

• If inspectdb cannot map a column's type to a model field type, it'll use TextField and will insert the Python comment 'This field type is a guess.' next to the field in the generated model. The recognized fields may depend on apps listed in INSTALLED_APPS. For example, django.contrib.postgres adds recognition for several PostgreSQL-specific field types.
• If the database column name is a Python reserved word (such as 'pass', 'class' or 'for'), inspectdb will append '_field' to the attribute name. For example, if a table has a column 'for', the generated model will have a field 'for_field', with the db_column attribute set to 'for'. inspectdb will insert the Python comment 'Field renamed because it was a Python reserved word.' next to the field.

This feature is meant as a shortcut, not as definitive model generation. After you run it, you'll want to look over the generated models yourself to make customizations. In particular, you'll need to rearrange models' order, so that models that refer to other models are ordered properly.

Django doesn't create database defaults when a default is specified on a model field. Similarly, database defaults aren't translated to model field defaults or detected in any fashion by inspectdb.

By default, inspectdb creates unmanaged models. That is, managed = False in the model's Meta class tells Django not to manage each table's creation, modification, and deletion. If you do want to allow Django to manage the table's lifecycle, you'll need to change the managed option to True (or remove it because True is its default value).

Database-specific notes

Oracle

• Models are created for materialized views if --include-views is used.

PostgreSQL

• Models are created for foreign tables.
• Models are created for materialized views if --include-views is used.
• Models are created for partition tables if --include-partitions is used.

--database DATABASE

Specifies the database to introspect. Defaults to default.

--include-partitions

If this option is provided, models are also created for partitions.

Only support for PostgreSQL is implemented.

--include-views

If this option is provided, models are also created for database views.

loaddata

django-admin loaddata fixture [fixture ...]

Searches for and loads the contents of the named fixture into the database.

--database DATABASE

Specifies the database into which the data will be loaded. Defaults to default.

--ignorenonexistent, -i

Ignores fields and models that may have been removed since the fixture was originally generated.

--app APP_LABEL

Specifies a single app to look for fixtures in rather than looking in all apps.

--format FORMAT

Specifies the serialization format (e.g., json or xml) for fixtures read from stdin.

--exclude EXCLUDE, -e EXCLUDE

Excludes loading the fixtures from the given applications and/or models (in the form of app_label or app_label.ModelName). Use the option multiple times to exclude more than one app or model.

Loading fixtures from stdin

You can use a dash as the fixture name to load input from sys.stdin. For example:

django-admin loaddata --format=json -

When reading from stdin, the --format option is required to specify the serialization format of the input (e.g., json or xml).

Loading from stdin is useful with standard input and output redirections. For example:

django-admin dumpdata --format=json --database=test app_label.ModelName | django-admin loaddata --format=json --database=prod -

The dumpdata command can be used to generate input for loaddata.

参考

For more detail about fixtures see the フィクスチャー topic.

makemessages

django-admin makemessages

Runs over the entire source tree of the current directory and pulls out all strings marked for translation. It creates (or updates) a message file in the conf/locale (in the Django tree) or locale (for project and application) directory. After making changes to the messages files you need to compile them with compilemessages for use with the builtin gettext support. See the i18n documentation for details.

This command doesn't require configured settings. However, when settings aren't configured, the command can't ignore the MEDIA_ROOT and STATIC_ROOT directories or include LOCALE_PATHS.

--all, -a

利用可能な全ての言語に対してメッセージファイルを更新します。

--extension EXTENSIONS, -e EXTENSIONS

検査するファイル拡張子のリストを指定します (デフォルト: html、txt、py 、もしくは --domain が js の場合 js).

Example usage:

django-admin makemessages --locale=de --extension xhtml

Separate multiple extensions with commas or use -e or --extension multiple times:

django-admin makemessages --locale=de --extension=html,txt --extension xml

--locale LOCALE, -l LOCALE

処理する場所 (locale) を指定します。

--exclude EXCLUDE, -x EXCLUDE

処理から除外する locale を指定します。提供されなかった場合、どのロケールも除外されません。

Example usage:

django-admin makemessages --locale=pt_BR
django-admin makemessages --locale=pt_BR --locale=fr
django-admin makemessages -l pt_BR
django-admin makemessages -l pt_BR -l fr
django-admin makemessages --exclude=pt_BR
django-admin makemessages --exclude=pt_BR --exclude=fr
django-admin makemessages -x pt_BR
django-admin makemessages -x pt_BR -x fr

--domain DOMAIN, -d DOMAIN

メッセージファイルのドメインを指定します。サポートされているオプションは以下の通りです:

• *.py、*.html、*.txt ファイルすべてに対して django (デフォルト)
• *.js ファイルに対して djangojs

--symlinks, -s

新しい翻訳文字列を探すときに、ディレクトリへのシンボリックリンクをたどります。

Example usage:

django-admin makemessages --locale=de --symlinks

--ignore PATTERN, -i PATTERN

与えられた glob スタイルのパターンに一致するファイルやディレクトリを無視します。 何度も無視するためには複数回使用してください。

次のパターンはデフォルトで使われます: 'CVS'、'.*'、'*~'、'*.pyc'。

Example usage:

django-admin makemessages --locale=en_US --ignore=apps/* --ignore=secret/*.html

--no-default-ignore

--ignore のデフォルト値を無効化します。

--no-wrap

言語ファイル内で、長いメッセージ行の複数行への分割を無効化します。

--no-location

言語ファイル内に '#: filename:line’ コメント行を書き込むのを抑制します。このオプションを使うと、技術的な翻訳者がそれぞれのメッセージの文脈を理解することが難しくなります。

--add-location [{full,file,never}]

Controls #: filename:line comment lines in language files. If the option is:

• full (the default if not given): the lines include both file name and line number.
• file: the line number is omitted.
• never: the lines are suppressed (same as --no-location).

Requires gettext 0.19 or newer.

--keep-pot

.po ファイルが作成される前に生成される一時的な .pot ファイルを削除しないようにします。最終的な言語ファイルが生成されるのを妨げるようなエラーをデバッグするために有用です。

参考

makemessages が xgettext に渡すキーワードをカスタマイズする方法を知りたい場合は、makemessages コマンドをカスタマイズする を参照してください。

makemigrations

django-admin makemigrations [app_label [app_label ...]]

検出されたモデルの変更に基づいて、新しいマイグレーションを作成します。マイグレーションおよびそのアプリとの関係は、詳しくは the migrations documentation1 で説明しています。

1つ以上のアプリ名を引数として与えると、作成するマイグレーションを、指定されたアプリとそれに必要な依存関係 (たとえば、外部キーで繋がれた他のテーブルなど) に限定されます。

マイグレーションを migrations ディレクトリが存在しないアプリに追加するには、makemigrations にアプリの app_label を付けて実行します。

--noinput, --no-input

すべてのユーザープロンプトを抑制します。もし、抑制されたプロンプトが自動的に解決できなかった場合は、エラーコード 3 で終了します。

--empty

手動で編集するために、指定されたアプリに対する空のマイグレーションを出力します。このオプションは詳しいユーザーのためのもので、マイグレーションのフォーマット、マイグレーションの操作、およびマイグレーション間の依存関係について十分理解していない限り、使うべきではありません。

--dry-run

実際にマイグレーションをディスクには書き込まず、作成される予定のマイグレーションを表示します。このオプションを --verbosity 3 オプションと併用することで、書き込まれる予定のマイグレーションファイルの内容そのものを表示することができます。

--merge

マイグレーションで発生するコンフリクトの修復を有効にする

--name NAME, -n NAME

Allows naming the generated migration(s) instead of using a generated name. The name must be a valid Python identifier.

--no-header

Generate migration files without Django version and timestamp header.

--check

Makes makemigrations exit with a non-zero status when model changes without migrations are detected. Implies --dry-run.

Changed in Django 4.2:

In older versions, the missing migrations were also created when using the --check option.

--scriptable

New in Django 4.1.

Diverts log output and input prompts to stderr, writing only paths of generated migration files to stdout.

--update

New in Django 4.2.

Merges model changes into the latest migration and optimize the resulting operations.

The updated migration will have a generated name. In order to preserve the previous name, set it using --name.

migrate

django-admin migrate [app_label] [migration_name]

データベースの状態を、現在のモデルとマイグレーションのセットを基づいて同期します。マイグレーションおよびそのアプリとの関係については、詳しくは the migrations documentation で説明しています。

このコマンドの動作は、次のように与えられた引数によって変化します。

• 引数なし: 全てのアプリが、それぞれが持つマイグレーションを全て実行します。
• <app_label>: 指定したアプリに最新のマイグレーションまで実行させます。依存関係によっては、他のアプリのマイグレーションも実行される場合もあります
• <app_label> <migrationname>: Brings the database schema to a state where the named migration is applied, but no later migrations in the same app are applied. This may involve unapplying migrations if you have previously migrated past the named migration. You can use a prefix of the migration name, e.g. 0001, as long as it's unique for the given app name. Use the name zero to migrate all the way back i.e. to revert all applied migrations for an app.

警告

When unapplying migrations, all dependent migrations will also be unapplied, regardless of <app_label>. You can use --plan to check which migrations will be unapplied.

--database DATABASE

マイグレートするデータベースを指定します。デフォルトは default です。

--fake

Marks the migrations up to the target one (following the rules above) as applied, but without actually running the SQL to change your database schema.

This is intended for advanced users to manipulate the current migration state directly if they're manually applying changes; be warned that using --fake runs the risk of putting the migration state table into a state where manual recovery will be needed to make migrations run correctly.

--fake-initial

Allows Django to skip an app's initial migration if all database tables with the names of all models created by all CreateModel operations in that migration already exist. This option is intended for use when first running migrations against a database that preexisted the use of migrations. This option does not, however, check for matching database schema beyond matching table names and so is only safe to use if you are confident that your existing schema matches what is recorded in your initial migration.

--plan

Shows the migration operations that will be performed for the given migrate command.

--run-syncdb

Allows creating tables for apps without migrations. While this isn't recommended, the migrations framework is sometimes too slow on large projects with hundreds of models.

--noinput, --no-input

Suppresses all user prompts. An example prompt is asking about removing stale content types.

--check

Makes migrate exit with a non-zero status when unapplied migrations are detected.

--prune

New in Django 4.1.

Deletes nonexistent migrations from the django_migrations table. This is useful when migration files replaced by a squashed migration have been removed. See Squashing migrations for more details.

optimizemigration

New in Django 4.1.

django-admin optimizemigration app_label migration_name

Optimizes the operations for the named migration and overrides the existing file. If the migration contains functions that must be manually copied, the command creates a new migration file suffixed with _optimized that is meant to replace the named migration.

--check

Makes optimizemigration exit with a non-zero status when a migration can be optimized.

runserver

django-admin runserver [addrport]

Starts a lightweight development web server on the local machine. By default, the server runs on port 8000 on the IP address 127.0.0.1. You can pass in an IP address and port number explicitly.

If you run this script as a user with normal privileges (recommended), you might not have access to start a port on a low port number. Low port numbers are reserved for the superuser (root).

This server uses the WSGI application object specified by the WSGI_APPLICATION setting.

DO NOT USE THIS SERVER IN A PRODUCTION SETTING. It has not gone through security audits or performance tests. (And that's how it's gonna stay. We're in the business of making web frameworks, not web servers, so improving this server to be able to handle a production environment is outside the scope of Django.)

The development server automatically reloads Python code for each request, as needed. You don't need to restart the server for code changes to take effect. However, some actions like adding files don't trigger a restart, so you'll have to restart the server in these cases.

If you're using Linux or MacOS and install both pywatchman and the Watchman service, kernel signals will be used to autoreload the server (rather than polling file modification timestamps each second). This offers better performance on large projects, reduced response time after code changes, more robust change detection, and a reduction in power usage. Django supports pywatchman 1.2.0 and higher.

Large directories with many files may cause performance issues

When using Watchman with a project that includes large non-Python directories like node_modules, it's advisable to ignore this directory for optimal performance. See the watchman documentation for information on how to do this.

Watchman timeout

DJANGO_WATCHMAN_TIMEOUT

The default timeout of Watchman client is 5 seconds. You can change it by setting the DJANGO_WATCHMAN_TIMEOUT environment variable.

When you start the server, and each time you change Python code while the server is running, the system check framework will check your entire Django project for some common errors (see the check command). If any errors are found, they will be printed to standard output. You can use the --skip-checks option to skip running system checks.

You can run as many concurrent servers as you want, as long as they're on separate ports by executing django-admin runserver more than once.

Note that the default IP address, 127.0.0.1, is not accessible from other machines on your network. To make your development server viewable to other machines on the network, use its own IP address (e.g. 192.168.2.1), 0 (shortcut for 0.0.0.0), 0.0.0.0, or :: (with IPv6 enabled).

ブラケットで囲まれた IPv6 アドレス (例 [200a::1]:8000) を与えることもできます。その場合には、IPv6 のサポートが自動的に有効になります。

ホスト名には ASCII 文字のみからなる文字列も使用できます。

If the staticfiles contrib app is enabled (default in new projects) the runserver command will be overridden with its own runserver command.

Logging of each request and response of the server is sent to the django.server logger.

--noreload

Disables the auto-reloader. This means any Python code changes you make while the server is running will not take effect if the particular Python modules have already been loaded into memory.

--nothreading

開発サーバーでのスレッドの使用を無効にします。デフォルトではサーバーはマルチスレッドです。

--ipv6, -6

開発用サーバーで IPv6 を使用します。これにより、デフォルトの IP アドレスが 127.0.0.1 から ::1 に変わります。

異なるポートとアドレスを使用する場合の引数例

Port 8000 on IP address 127.0.0.1:

django-admin runserver

Port 8000 on IP address 1.2.3.4:

django-admin runserver 1.2.3.4:8000

Port 7000 on IP address 127.0.0.1:

django-admin runserver 7000

Port 7000 on IP address 1.2.3.4:

django-admin runserver 1.2.3.4:7000

Port 8000 on IPv6 address ::1:

django-admin runserver -6

Port 7000 on IPv6 address ::1:

django-admin runserver -6 7000

Port 7000 on IPv6 address 2001:0db8:1234:5678::9:

django-admin runserver [2001:0db8:1234:5678::9]:7000

Port 8000 on IPv4 address of host localhost:

django-admin runserver localhost:8000

Port 8000 on IPv6 address of host localhost:

django-admin runserver -6 localhost:8000

開発用サーバーで静的 (static) ファイルを配信する

By default, the development server doesn't serve any static files for your site (such as CSS files, images, things under MEDIA_URL and so forth). If you want to configure Django to serve static media, read 静的ファイル (画像、JavaScript、CSS など) を管理する.

Serving with ASGI in development

Django's runserver command provides a WSGI server. In order to run under ASGI you will need to use an ASGI server. The Django Daphne project provides Integration with runserver that you can use.

sendtestemail

django-admin sendtestemail [email [email ...]]

Sends a test email (to confirm email sending through Django is working) to the recipient(s) specified. For example:

django-admin sendtestemail [e-mail] [e-mail]

いくつかのオプションがあるので、次のようにそれらを任意に組み合わせて使用できます。

--managers

mail_managers() を使用して MANAGERS で指定されたメールアドレスにメールします。

--admins

mail_admins() を使用して ADMINS で指定されたメールアドレスにメールします。

shell

django-admin shell

Python のインタラクティブ・インタープリタを開始します。

--interface {ipython,bpython,python}, -i {ipython,bpython,python}

使用するシェルを指定します。デフォルトでは、Django はインストールされている場合には IPython または bpython を使用します。両方インストールされている場合には、次のようにして使いたいシェルを指定してください。

IPython:

django-admin shell -i ipython

bpython:

django-admin shell -i bpython

If you have a "rich" shell installed but want to force use of the "plain" Python interpreter, use python as the interface name, like so:

django-admin shell -i python

--nostartup

Disables reading the startup script for the "plain" Python interpreter. By default, the script pointed to by the PYTHONSTARTUP environment variable or the ~/.pythonrc.py script is read.

--command COMMAND, -c COMMAND

Lets you pass a command as a string to execute it as Django, like so:

django-admin shell --command="import django; print(django.__version__)"

You can also pass code in on standard input to execute it. For example:

$ django-admin shell <<EOF
> import django
> print(django.__version__)
> EOF

On Windows, the REPL is output due to implementation limits of select.select() on that platform.

showmigrations

django-admin showmigrations [app_label [app_label ...]]

Shows all migrations in a project. You can choose from one of two formats:

--list, -l

Lists all of the apps Django knows about, the migrations available for each app, and whether or not each migration is applied (marked by an [X] next to the migration name). For a --verbosity of 2 and above, the applied datetimes are also shown.

Apps without migrations are also listed, but have (no migrations) printed under them.

This is the default output format.

--plan, -p

Shows the migration plan Django will follow to apply migrations. Like --list, applied migrations are marked by an [X]. For a --verbosity of 2 and above, all dependencies of a migration will also be shown.

app_labels arguments limit the output, however, dependencies of provided apps may also be included.

--database DATABASE

Specifies the database to examine. Defaults to default.

sqlflush

django-admin sqlflush

Prints the SQL statements that would be executed for the flush command.

--database DATABASE

Specifies the database for which to print the SQL. Defaults to default.

sqlmigrate

django-admin sqlmigrate app_label migration_name

Prints the SQL for the named migration. This requires an active database connection, which it will use to resolve constraint names; this means you must generate the SQL against a copy of the database you wish to later apply it on.

Note that sqlmigrate doesn't colorize its output.

--backwards

Generates the SQL for unapplying the migration. By default, the SQL created is for running the migration in the forwards direction.

--database DATABASE

Specifies the database for which to generate the SQL. Defaults to default.

sqlsequencereset

django-admin sqlsequencereset app_label [app_label ...]

Prints the SQL statements for resetting sequences for the given app name(s).

Sequences are indexes used by some database engines to track the next available number for automatically incremented fields.

Use this command to generate SQL which will fix cases where a sequence is out of sync with its automatically incremented field data.

--database DATABASE

Specifies the database for which to print the SQL. Defaults to default.

squashmigrations

django-admin squashmigrations app_label [start_migration_name] migration_name

Squashes the migrations for app_label up to and including migration_name down into fewer migrations, if possible. The resulting squashed migrations can live alongside the unsquashed ones safely. For more information, please read Squashing migrations.

When start_migration_name is given, Django will only include migrations starting from and including this migration. This helps to mitigate the squashing limitation of RunPython and django.db.migrations.operations.RunSQL migration operations.

--no-optimize

Disables the optimizer when generating a squashed migration. By default, Django will try to optimize the operations in your migrations to reduce the size of the resulting file. Use this option if this process is failing or creating incorrect migrations, though please also file a Django bug report about the behavior, as optimization is meant to be safe.

--noinput, --no-input

Suppresses all user prompts.

--squashed-name SQUASHED_NAME

Sets the name of the squashed migration. When omitted, the name is based on the first and last migration, with _squashed_ in between.

--no-header

Generate squashed migration file without Django version and timestamp header.

startapp

django-admin startapp name [directory]

Creates a Django app directory structure for the given app name in the current directory or the given destination.

By default, the new directory contains a models.py file and other app template files. If only the app name is given, the app directory will be created in the current working directory.

If the optional destination is provided, Django will use that existing directory rather than creating a new one. You can use '.' to denote the current working directory.

例えば:

django-admin startapp myapp /Users/jezdez/Code/myapp

--template TEMPLATE

Provides the path to a directory with a custom app template file, or a path to an uncompressed archive (.tar) or a compressed archive (.tar.gz, .tar.bz2, .tar.xz, .tar.lzma, .tgz, .tbz2, .txz, .tlz, .zip) containing the app template files.

For example, this would look for an app template in the given directory when creating the myapp app:

django-admin startapp --template=/Users/jezdez/Code/my_app_template myapp

Django will also accept URLs (http, https, ftp) to compressed archives with the app template files, downloading and extracting them on the fly.

For example, taking advantage of GitHub's feature to expose repositories as zip files, you can use a URL like:

django-admin startapp --template=https://github.com/githubuser/django-app-template/archive/main.zip myapp

--extension EXTENSIONS, -e EXTENSIONS

Specifies which file extensions in the app template should be rendered with the template engine. Defaults to py.

--name FILES, -n FILES

Specifies which files in the app template (in addition to those matching --extension) should be rendered with the template engine. Defaults to an empty list.

--exclude DIRECTORIES, -x DIRECTORIES

Specifies which directories in the app template should be excluded, in addition to .git and __pycache__. If this option is not provided, directories named __pycache__ or starting with . will be excluded.

The template context used for all matching files is:

• Any option passed to the startapp command (among the command's supported options)
• app_name -- the app name as passed to the command
• app_directory -- the full path of the newly created app
• camel_case_app_name -- the app name in camel case format
• docs_version -- the version of the documentation: 'dev' or '1.x'
• django_version -- the version of Django, e.g. '2.0.3'

警告

When the app template files are rendered with the Django template engine (by default all *.py files), Django will also replace all stray template variables contained. For example, if one of the Python files contains a docstring explaining a particular feature related to template rendering, it might result in an incorrect example.

To work around this problem, you can use the templatetag template tag to "escape" the various parts of the template syntax.

In addition, to allow Python template files that contain Django template language syntax while also preventing packaging systems from trying to byte-compile invalid *.py files, template files ending with .py-tpl will be renamed to .py.

警告

The contents of custom app (or project) templates should always be audited before use: Such templates define code that will become part of your project, and this means that such code will be trusted as much as any app you install, or code you write yourself. Further, even rendering the templates is, effectively, executing code that was provided as input to the management command. The Django template language may provide wide access into the system, so make sure any custom template you use is worthy of your trust.

startproject

django-admin startproject name [directory]

Creates a Django project directory structure for the given project name in the current directory or the given destination.

By default, the new directory contains manage.py and a project package (containing a settings.py and other files).

If only the project name is given, both the project directory and project package will be named <projectname> and the project directory will be created in the current working directory.

If the optional destination is provided, Django will use that existing directory as the project directory, and create manage.py and the project package within it. Use '.' to denote the current working directory.

例えば:

django-admin startproject myproject /Users/jezdez/Code/myproject_repo

--template TEMPLATE

Specifies a directory, file path, or URL of a custom project template. See the startapp --template documentation for examples and usage.

--extension EXTENSIONS, -e EXTENSIONS

Specifies which file extensions in the project template should be rendered with the template engine. Defaults to py.

--name FILES, -n FILES

Specifies which files in the project template (in addition to those matching --extension) should be rendered with the template engine. Defaults to an empty list.

--exclude DIRECTORIES, -x DIRECTORIES

Specifies which directories in the project template should be excluded, in addition to .git and __pycache__. If this option is not provided, directories named __pycache__ or starting with . will be excluded.

The template context used is:

• Any option passed to the startproject command (among the command's supported options)
• project_name -- the project name as passed to the command
• project_directory -- the full path of the newly created project
• secret_key -- a random key for the SECRET_KEY setting
• docs_version -- the version of the documentation: 'dev' or '1.x'
• django_version -- the version of Django, e.g. '2.0.3'

Please also see the rendering warning and trusted code warning as mentioned for startapp.

test

django-admin test [test_label [test_label ...]]

Runs tests for all installed apps. See Django におけるテスト for more information.

--failfast

Stops running tests and reports the failure immediately after a test fails.

--testrunner TESTRUNNER

Controls the test runner class that is used to execute tests. This value overrides the value provided by the TEST_RUNNER setting.

--noinput, --no-input

Suppresses all user prompts. A typical prompt is a warning about deleting an existing test database.

テストランナーのオプション

The test command receives options on behalf of the specified --testrunner. These are the options of the default test runner: DiscoverRunner.

--keepdb

Preserves the test database between test runs. This has the advantage of skipping both the create and destroy actions which can greatly decrease the time to run tests, especially those in a large test suite. If the test database does not exist, it will be created on the first run and then preserved for each subsequent run. Unless the MIGRATE test setting is False, any unapplied migrations will also be applied to the test database before running the test suite.

--shuffle [SEED]

Randomizes the order of tests before running them. This can help detect tests that aren't properly isolated. The test order generated by this option is a deterministic function of the integer seed given. When no seed is passed, a seed is chosen randomly and printed to the console. To repeat a particular test order, pass a seed. The test orders generated by this option preserve Django's guarantees on test order. They also keep tests grouped by test case class.

The shuffled orderings also have a special consistency property useful when narrowing down isolation issues. Namely, for a given seed and when running a subset of tests, the new order will be the original shuffling restricted to the smaller set. Similarly, when adding tests while keeping the seed the same, the order of the original tests will be the same in the new order.

--reverse, -r

Sorts test cases in the opposite execution order. This may help in debugging the side effects of tests that aren't properly isolated. Grouping by test class is preserved when using this option. This can be used in conjunction with --shuffle to reverse the order for a particular seed.

--debug-mode

Sets the DEBUG setting to True prior to running tests. This may help troubleshoot test failures.

--debug-sql, -d

Enables SQL logging for failing tests. If --verbosity is 2, then queries in passing tests are also output.

--parallel [N]

DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES

Runs tests in separate parallel processes. Since modern processors have multiple cores, this allows running tests significantly faster.

Using --parallel without a value, or with the value auto, runs one test process per core according to multiprocessing.cpu_count(). You can override this by passing the desired number of processes, e.g. --parallel 4, or by setting the DJANGO_TEST_PROCESSES environment variable.

Django distributes test cases — unittest.TestCase subclasses — to subprocesses. If there are fewer test cases than configured processes, Django will reduce the number of processes accordingly.

各プロセスごとに個別のデータベースを持つため、異なるテストケースが同じリソースにアクセスしないように注意が必要です。たとえば、複数のテストケースがファイルシステムにアクセスするような場合には、各テストケースごとに個別に一時ディレクトリを作成するようにしてください。

注釈

If you have test classes that cannot be run in parallel, you can use SerializeMixin to run them sequentially. See Enforce running test classes sequentially.

This option requires the third-party tblib package to display tracebacks correctly:

$ python -m pip install tblib

This feature isn't available on Windows. It doesn't work with the Oracle database backend either.

If you want to use pdb while debugging tests, you must disable parallel execution (--parallel=1). You'll see something like bdb.BdbQuit if you don't.

警告

When test parallelization is enabled and a test fails, Django may be unable to display the exception traceback. This can make debugging difficult. If you encounter this problem, run the affected test without parallelization to see the traceback of the failure.

This is a known limitation. It arises from the need to serialize objects in order to exchange them between processes. See What can be pickled and unpickled? for details.

--tag TAGS

Runs only tests marked with the specified tags. May be specified multiple times and combined with test --exclude-tag.

Tests that fail to load are always considered matching.

--exclude-tag EXCLUDE_TAGS

Excludes tests marked with the specified tags. May be specified multiple times and combined with test --tag.

-k TEST_NAME_PATTERNS

Runs test methods and classes matching test name patterns, in the same way as unittest's -k option. Can be specified multiple times.

--pdb

Spawns a pdb debugger at each test error or failure. If you have it installed, ipdb is used instead.

--buffer, -b

Discards output (stdout and stderr) for passing tests, in the same way as unittest's --buffer option.

--no-faulthandler

Django automatically calls faulthandler.enable() when starting the tests, which allows it to print a traceback if the interpreter crashes. Pass --no-faulthandler to disable this behavior.

--timing

Outputs timings, including database setup and total run time.

testserver

django-admin testserver [fixture [fixture ...]]

Runs a Django development server (as in runserver) using data from the given fixture(s).

For example, this command:

django-admin testserver mydata.json

...would perform the following steps:

1. Create a test database, as described in test データベース.
2. Populate the test database with fixture data from the given fixtures. (For more on fixtures, see the documentation for loaddata above.)
3. Runs the Django development server (as in runserver), pointed at this newly created test database instead of your production database.

This is useful in a number of ways:

• When you're writing unit tests of how your views act with certain fixture data, you can use testserver to interact with the views in a web browser, manually.
• Let's say you're developing your Django application and have a "pristine" copy of a database that you'd like to interact with. You can dump your database to a fixture (using the dumpdata command, explained above), then use testserver to run your web application with that data. With this arrangement, you have the flexibility of messing up your data in any way, knowing that whatever data changes you're making are only being made to a test database.

Note that this server does not automatically detect changes to your Python source code (as runserver does). It does, however, detect changes to templates.

--addrport ADDRPORT

Specifies a different port, or IP address and port, from the default of 127.0.0.1:8000. This value follows exactly the same format and serves exactly the same function as the argument to the runserver command.

例:

To run the test server on port 7000 with fixture1 and fixture2:

django-admin testserver --addrport 7000 fixture1 fixture2
django-admin testserver fixture1 fixture2 --addrport 7000

(The above statements are equivalent. We include both of them to demonstrate that it doesn't matter whether the options come before or after the fixture arguments.)

To run on 1.2.3.4:7000 with a test fixture:

django-admin testserver --addrport 1.2.3.4:7000 test

--noinput, --no-input

Suppresses all user prompts. A typical prompt is a warning about deleting an existing test database.

Commands provided by applications

Some commands are only available when the django.contrib application that implements them has been enabled. This section describes them grouped by their application.

django.contrib.auth

changepassword

django-admin changepassword [<username>]

This command is only available if Django's authentication system (django.contrib.auth) is installed.

Allows changing a user's password. It prompts you to enter a new password twice for the given user. If the entries are identical, this immediately becomes the new password. If you do not supply a user, the command will attempt to change the password whose username matches the current user.

--database DATABASE

Specifies the database to query for the user. Defaults to default.

Example usage:

django-admin changepassword ringo

createsuperuser

django-admin createsuperuser

DJANGO_SUPERUSER_PASSWORD

This command is only available if Django's authentication system (django.contrib.auth) is installed.

superuser アカウント (すべての権限を持ったユーザー) を作成します。このコマンドは、最初に superuser アカウントを作成する場合や、サイトの superuser アカウントをプログラムから自動生成する必要がある場合に便利です。

When run interactively, this command will prompt for a password for the new superuser account. When run non-interactively, you can provide a password by setting the DJANGO_SUPERUSER_PASSWORD environment variable. Otherwise, no password will be set, and the superuser account will not be able to log in until a password has been manually set for it.

In non-interactive mode, the USERNAME_FIELD and required fields (listed in REQUIRED_FIELDS) fall back to DJANGO_SUPERUSER_<uppercase_field_name> environment variables, unless they are overridden by a command line argument. For example, to provide an email field, you can use DJANGO_SUPERUSER_EMAIL environment variable.

--noinput, --no-input

Suppresses all user prompts. If a suppressed prompt cannot be resolved automatically, the command will exit with error code 1.

--username USERNAME

--email EMAIL

The username and email address for the new account can be supplied by using the --username and --email arguments on the command line. If either of those is not supplied, createsuperuser will prompt for it when running interactively.

--database DATABASE

Specifies the database into which the superuser object will be saved.

You can subclass the management command and override get_input_data() if you want to customize data input and validation. Consult the source code for details on the existing implementation and the method's parameters. For example, it could be useful if you have a ForeignKey in REQUIRED_FIELDS and want to allow creating an instance instead of entering the primary key of an existing instance.

django.contrib.contenttypes

remove_stale_contenttypes

django-admin remove_stale_contenttypes

This command is only available if Django's contenttypes app (django.contrib.contenttypes) is installed.

Deletes stale content types (from deleted models) in your database. Any objects that depend on the deleted content types will also be deleted. A list of deleted objects will be displayed before you confirm it's okay to proceed with the deletion.

--database DATABASE

Specifies the database to use. Defaults to default.

--include-stale-apps

Deletes stale content types including ones from previously installed apps that have been removed from INSTALLED_APPS. Defaults to False.

django.contrib.gis

ogrinspect

このコマンドは、GeoDjango (django.contrib.gis) がインストールされている場合のみ使用できます。

GeoDjango のドキュメントの description を参照してください。

django.contrib.sessions

clearsessions

django-admin clearsessions

cron job に設定したり、直接実行することで、期限切れのセッションを削除できます。

django.contrib.sitemaps

ping_google

このコマンドは、Sitemaps framework (django.contrib.sitemaps) がインストールされている場合のみ使用できます。

Sitemaps ドのキュメントの description を参照してください。

django.contrib.staticfiles

collectstatic

This command is only available if the static files application (django.contrib.staticfiles) is installed.

Please refer to its description in the staticfiles documentation.

findstatic

This command is only available if the static files application (django.contrib.staticfiles) is installed.

Please refer to its description in the staticfiles documentation.

Default options

Although some commands may allow their own custom options, every command allows for the following options by default:

--pythonpath PYTHONPATH

Adds the given filesystem path to the Python import search path. If this isn't provided, django-admin will use the PYTHONPATH environment variable.

This option is unnecessary in manage.py, because it takes care of setting the Python path for you.

Example usage:

django-admin migrate --pythonpath='/home/djangoprojects/myproject'

--settings SETTINGS

Specifies the settings module to use. The settings module should be in Python package syntax, e.g. mysite.settings. If this isn't provided, django-admin will use the DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE environment variable.

This option is unnecessary in manage.py, because it uses settings.py from the current project by default.

Example usage:

django-admin migrate --settings=mysite.settings

--traceback

Displays a full stack trace when a CommandError is raised. By default, django-admin will show an error message when a CommandError occurs and a full stack trace for any other exception.

This option is ignored by runserver.

Example usage:

django-admin migrate --traceback

--verbosity {0,1,2,3}, -v {0,1,2,3}

Specifies the amount of notification and debug information that a command should print to the console.

• 0 means no output.
• 1 means normal output (default).
• 2 means verbose output.
• 3 means very verbose output.

This option is ignored by runserver.

Example usage:

django-admin migrate --verbosity 2

--no-color

Disables colorized command output. Some commands format their output to be colorized. For example, errors will be printed to the console in red and SQL statements will be syntax highlighted.

Example usage:

django-admin runserver --no-color

--force-color

Forces colorization of the command output if it would otherwise be disabled as discussed in Syntax coloring. For example, you may want to pipe colored output to another command.

--skip-checks

Skips running system checks prior to running the command. This option is only available if the requires_system_checks command attribute is not an empty list or tuple.

Example usage:

django-admin migrate --skip-checks

Extra niceties

Syntax coloring

DJANGO_COLORS

The django-admin / manage.py commands will use pretty color-coded output if your terminal supports ANSI-colored output. It won't use the color codes if you're piping the command's output to another program unless the --force-color option is used.

Windows support

On Windows 10, the Windows Terminal application, VS Code, and PowerShell (where virtual terminal processing is enabled) allow colored output, and are supported by default.

Under Windows, the legacy cmd.exe native console doesn't support ANSI escape sequences so by default there is no color output. In this case either of two third-party libraries are needed:

• Install colorama, a Python package that translates ANSI color codes into Windows API calls. Django commands will detect its presence and will make use of its services to color output just like on Unix-based platforms. colorama can be installed via pip:

  ...\> py -m pip install colorama
  

• Install ANSICON, a third-party tool that allows cmd.exe to process ANSI color codes. Django commands will detect its presence and will make use of its services to color output just like on Unix-based platforms.

Other modern terminal environments on Windows, that support terminal colors, but which are not automatically detected as supported by Django, may "fake" the installation of ANSICON by setting the appropriate environmental variable, ANSICON="on".

Custom colors

The colors used for syntax highlighting can be customized. Django ships with three color palettes:

• dark, suited to terminals that show white text on a black background. This is the default palette.
• light, suited to terminals that show black text on a white background.
• nocolor, which disables syntax highlighting.

You select a palette by setting a DJANGO_COLORS environment variable to specify the palette you want to use. For example, to specify the light palette under a Unix or OS/X BASH shell, you would run the following at a command prompt:

export DJANGO_COLORS="light"

You can also customize the colors that are used. Django specifies a number of roles in which color is used:

• error - A major error.
• notice - A minor error.
• success - A success.
• warning - A warning.
• sql_field - The name of a model field in SQL.
• sql_coltype - The type of a model field in SQL.
• sql_keyword - An SQL keyword.
• sql_table - The name of a model in SQL.
• http_info - A 1XX HTTP Informational server response.
• http_success - A 2XX HTTP Success server response.
• http_not_modified - A 304 HTTP Not Modified server response.
• http_redirect - A 3XX HTTP Redirect server response other than 304.
• http_not_found - A 404 HTTP Not Found server response.
• http_bad_request - A 4XX HTTP Bad Request server response other than 404.
• http_server_error - A 5XX HTTP Server Error response.
• migrate_heading - A heading in a migrations management command.
• migrate_label - A migration name.

Each of these roles can be assigned a specific foreground and background color, from the following list:

• black
• red
• green
• yellow
• blue
• magenta
• cyan
• white

Each of these colors can then be modified by using the following display options:

• bold
• underscore
• blink
• reverse
• conceal

A color specification follows one of the following patterns:

• role=fg
• role=fg/bg
• role=fg,option,option
• role=fg/bg,option,option

where role is the name of a valid color role, fg is the foreground color, bg is the background color and each option is one of the color modifying options. Multiple color specifications are then separated by a semicolon. For example:

export DJANGO_COLORS="error=yellow/blue,blink;notice=magenta"

would specify that errors be displayed using blinking yellow on blue, and notices displayed using magenta. All other color roles would be left uncolored.

Colors can also be specified by extending a base palette. If you put a palette name in a color specification, all the colors implied by that palette will be loaded. So:

export DJANGO_COLORS="light;error=yellow/blue,blink;notice=magenta"

would specify the use of all the colors in the light color palette, except for the colors for errors and notices which would be overridden as specified.

Bash による補完

If you use the Bash shell, consider installing the Django bash completion script, which lives in extras/django_bash_completion in the Django source distribution. It enables tab-completion of django-admin and manage.py commands, so you can, for instance...

• まず、django-admin とタイプします。
• [TAB] キーをクリックし、利用できるオプション一覧を表示します。
• sql とタイプし、[TAB] キーを押すと、名前が sql で始まるオプション一覧が表示されます。

独自のカスタムアクションを追加したい場合は、カスタム django-admin コマンドの作り方 を読んでください。

Black formatting

New in Django 4.1.

The Python files created by startproject, startapp, optimizemigration, makemigrations, and squashmigrations are formatted using the black command if it is present on your PATH.

If you have black globally installed, but do not wish it used for the current project, you can set the PATH explicitly:

PATH=path/to/venv/bin django-admin makemigrations

For commands using stdout you can pipe the output to black if needed:

django-admin inspectdb | black -

Running management commands from your code

django.core.management.call_command(name, *args, **options)

To call a management command from code use call_command.

name

the name of the command to call or a command object. Passing the name is preferred unless the object is required for testing.

*args

a list of arguments accepted by the command. Arguments are passed to the argument parser, so you can use the same style as you would on the command line. For example, call_command('flush', '--verbosity=0').

**options

named options accepted on the command-line. Options are passed to the command without triggering the argument parser, which means you'll need to pass the correct type. For example, call_command('flush', verbosity=0) (zero must be an integer rather than a string).

例:

from django.core import management
from django.core.management.commands import loaddata

management.call_command("flush", verbosity=0, interactive=False)
management.call_command("loaddata", "test_data", verbosity=0)
management.call_command(loaddata.Command(), "test_data", verbosity=0)

Note that command options that take no arguments are passed as keywords with True or False, as you can see with the interactive option above.

Named arguments can be passed by using either one of the following syntaxes:

# Similar to the command line
management.call_command("dumpdata", "--natural-foreign")

# Named argument similar to the command line minus the initial dashes and
# with internal dashes replaced by underscores
management.call_command("dumpdata", natural_foreign=True)

# `use_natural_foreign_keys` is the option destination variable
management.call_command("dumpdata", use_natural_foreign_keys=True)

Some command options have different names when using call_command() instead of django-admin or manage.py. For example, django-admin createsuperuser --no-input translates to call_command('createsuperuser', interactive=False). To find what keyword argument name to use for call_command(), check the command's source code for the dest argument passed to parser.add_argument().

Command options which take multiple options are passed a list:

management.call_command("dumpdata", exclude=["contenttypes", "auth"])

The return value of the call_command() function is the same as the return value of the handle() method of the command.

Output redirection

Note that you can redirect standard output and error streams as all commands support the stdout and stderr options. For example, you could write:

with open("/path/to/command_output", "w") as f:
    management.call_command("dumpdata", stdout=f)