Membuat formulir dari model

ModelForm

class ModelForm[sumber]

If you're building a database-driven app, chances are you'll have forms that map closely to Django models. For instance, you might have a BlogComment model, and you want to create a form that lets people submit comments. In this case, it would be redundant to define the field types in your form, because you've already defined the fields in your model.

For this reason, Django provides a helper class that lets you create a Form class from a Django model.

Sebagai contoh:

>>> from django.forms import ModelForm
>>> from myapp.models import Article

# Create the form class.
>>> class ArticleForm(ModelForm):
...     class Meta:
...         model = Article
...         fields = ['pub_date', 'headline', 'content', 'reporter']

# Creating a form to add an article.
>>> form = ArticleForm()

# Creating a form to change an existing article.
>>> article = Article.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> form = ArticleForm(instance=article)

Jenis bidang

The generated Form class will have a form field for every model field specified, in the order specified in the fields attribute.

Setiap bidang model mempunyai biadng formulir awalan sesuai. Sebagai contoh, sebuah CharField pada sebuah model adalah diwakili sebagai CharField pada formulir. Sebuah model ManyToManyField diwakilkan sebagai sebuah MultipleChoiceField. Ini adalah daftar penuh dari perubahan:

Bidang Model	Bidang Formulir
AutoField	Tidak muncul di formulir
BigAutoField	Tidak muncul di formulir
BigIntegerField	IntegerField dengan min_value disetel ke -9223372036854775808 dan max_value disetel ke 9223372036854775807.
BooleanField	BooleanField
CharField	CharField with max_length set to the model field's max_length and empty_value set to None if null=True.
DateField	DateField
DateTimeField	DateTimeField
DecimalField	DecimalField
EmailField	EmailField
FileField	FileField
FilePathField	FilePathField
FloatField	FloatField
ForeignKey	ModelChoiceField (lihat dibawah)
ImageField	ImageField
IntegerField	IntegerField
IPAddressField	IPAddressField
GenericIPAddressField	GenericIPAddressField
ManyToManyField	ModelMultipleChoiceField (lihat dibawah)
NullBooleanField	NullBooleanField
PositiveIntegerField	IntegerField
PositiveSmallIntegerField	IntegerField
SlugField	SlugField
SmallIntegerField	IntegerField
TextField	CharField dengan widget=forms.Textarea
TimeField	TimeField
URLField	URLField

As you might expect, the ForeignKey and ManyToManyField model field types are special cases:

• ForeignKey diwakili oleh django.forms.ModelChoiceField, yaitu sebuah ChoiceField yang pilihan-pilihan adalah sebuah model QuerySet.
• ManyToManyField diwakili oleh django.forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField, dimana MultipleChoiceField yang pilihan-pilihannya adalah sebuah model QuerySet.

Sebagai tambahan, setiap bidang formulir dibangkitkan mempunyai atribut disetel sebagai berikut:

• Jika bidang model mempunyai blank=True, maka required disetel ke False pada bidang formulir. Sebaliknya required=True.
• The form field's label is set to the verbose_name of the model field, with the first character capitalized.
• The form field's help_text is set to the help_text of the model field.
• If the model field has choices set, then the form field's widget will be set to Select, with choices coming from the model field's choices. The choices will normally include the blank choice which is selected by default. If the field is required, this forces the user to make a selection. The blank choice will not be included if the model field has blank=False and an explicit default value (the default value will be initially selected instead).

Finally, note that you can override the form field used for a given model field. See Overriding the default fields below.

Sebuah contoh penuh

Pertimbangkan kumpulan model ini:

from django.db import models
from django.forms import ModelForm

TITLE_CHOICES = (
    ('MR', 'Mr.'),
    ('MRS', 'Mrs.'),
    ('MS', 'Ms.'),
)

class Author(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    title = models.CharField(max_length=3, choices=TITLE_CHOICES)
    birth_date = models.DateField(blank=True, null=True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class Book(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    authors = models.ManyToManyField(Author)

class AuthorForm(ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Author
        fields = ['name', 'title', 'birth_date']

class BookForm(ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Book
        fields = ['name', 'authors']

With these models, the ModelForm subclasses above would be roughly equivalent to this (the only difference being the save() method, which we'll discuss in a moment.):

from django import forms

class AuthorForm(forms.Form):
    name = forms.CharField(max_length=100)
    title = forms.CharField(
        max_length=3,
        widget=forms.Select(choices=TITLE_CHOICES),
    )
    birth_date = forms.DateField(required=False)

class BookForm(forms.Form):
    name = forms.CharField(max_length=100)
    authors = forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=Author.objects.all())

Pengesahan pada sebuah ModelForm

Terdapat dua langkah utama dilibatkan dalam ModelForm:

1. Validating the form
2. Validating the model instance 1

Just like normal form validation, model form validation is triggered implicitly when calling is_valid() or accessing the errors attribute and explicitly when calling full_clean(), although you will typically not use the latter method in practice.

Model validation (Model.full_clean()) is triggered from within the form validation step, right after the form's clean() method is called.

Peringatan

The cleaning process modifies the model instance passed to the ModelForm constructor in various ways. For instance, any date fields on the model are converted into actual date objects. Failed validation may leave the underlying model instance in an inconsistent state and therefore it's not recommended to reuse it.

Menimpa metode clean()

You can override the clean() method on a model form to provide additional validation in the same way you can on a normal form.

A model form instance attached to a model object will contain an instance attribute that gives its methods access to that specific model instance.

Peringatan

The ModelForm.clean() method sets a flag that makes the model validation step validate the uniqueness of model fields that are marked as unique, unique_together or unique_for_date|month|year.

If you would like to override the clean() method and maintain this validation, you must call the parent class's clean() method.

Interaksi dengan pengecekan model

Sebagai bagian dari pengolahan pengesahan. ModelForm akan memanggil metode clean() untuk setiap bidang pada model anda yang mempunyai bidang sesuai pada formulir anda. Jika anda telah tidak menyertakan bidang model apapun, pengesahan tidak akan berjalan pada bidang-bidang tersebut. Lihat dokumentasi form validation 1 untuk lebih pada bagimana bidang membersihkan dan pengesahan bekerja.

Metode clean() model akan dipanggil sebelum pemeriksanaan keunikan apapun dibuat. Lihat Validating objects untuk informasi lebih pada tautan clean() model.

Pertimbangan mengenai error_messages model

Error messages defined at the form field level or at the form Meta level always take precedence over the error messages defined at the model field level.

Pesan-pesan kesalahan ditentukan pada model fields hanya digunakan ketika ValidationError dimunculkan selama langkah model validation 1 dan tidak ada pesan kesalahan sesuai ditentukan pada tingkatan formulir.

You can override the error messages from NON_FIELD_ERRORS raised by model validation by adding the NON_FIELD_ERRORS key to the error_messages dictionary of the ModelForm’s inner Meta class:

from django.core.exceptions import NON_FIELD_ERRORS
from django.forms import ModelForm

class ArticleForm(ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        error_messages = {
            NON_FIELD_ERRORS: {
                'unique_together': "%(model_name)s's %(field_labels)s are not unique.",
            }
        }

Cara save()

Every ModelForm also has a save() method. This method creates and saves a database object from the data bound to the form. A subclass of ModelForm can accept an existing model instance as the keyword argument instance; if this is supplied, save() will update that instance. If it's not supplied, save() will create a new instance of the specified model:

>>> from myapp.models import Article
>>> from myapp.forms import ArticleForm

# Create a form instance from POST data.
>>> f = ArticleForm(request.POST)

# Save a new Article object from the form's data.
>>> new_article = f.save()

# Create a form to edit an existing Article, but use
# POST data to populate the form.
>>> a = Article.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> f = ArticleForm(request.POST, instance=a)
>>> f.save()

Note that if the form hasn't been validated, calling save() will do so by checking form.errors. A ValueError will be raised if the data in the form doesn't validate -- i.e., if form.errors evaluates to True.

If an optional field doesn't appear in the form's data, the resulting model instance uses the model field default, if there is one, for that field. This behavior doesn't apply to fields that use CheckboxInput, CheckboxSelectMultiple, or SelectMultiple (or any custom widget whose value_omitted_from_data() method always returns False) since an unchecked checkbox and unselected <select multiple> don't appear in the data of an HTML form submission. Use a custom form field or widget if you're designing an API and want the default fallback behavior for a field that uses one of these widgets.

This save() method accepts an optional commit keyword argument, which accepts either True or False. If you call save() with commit=False, then it will return an object that hasn't yet been saved to the database. In this case, it's up to you to call save() on the resulting model instance. This is useful if you want to do custom processing on the object before saving it, or if you want to use one of the specialized model saving options. commit is True by default.

Another side effect of using commit=False is seen when your model has a many-to-many relation with another model. If your model has a many-to-many relation and you specify commit=False when you save a form, Django cannot immediately save the form data for the many-to-many relation. This is because it isn't possible to save many-to-many data for an instance until the instance exists in the database.

Untuk memecahkan masalah ini, setiap kali anda menyimpan sebuah formulir menggunakan commit=False, Django menambahkan sebuah metode save_m2m() ke subkelas ModelForm. Setelah anda telah secara manual menyimpan instance dihasilkan oleh formulir, anda dapat meminta save_m2m() untuk menyimpan data formulir many-to-many. Sebagai contoh:

# Create a form instance with POST data.
>>> f = AuthorForm(request.POST)

# Create, but don't save the new author instance.
>>> new_author = f.save(commit=False)

# Modify the author in some way.
>>> new_author.some_field = 'some_value'

# Save the new instance.
>>> new_author.save()

# Now, save the many-to-many data for the form.
>>> f.save_m2m()

Calling save_m2m() is only required if you use save(commit=False). When you use a simple save() on a form, all data -- including many-to-many data -- is saved without the need for any additional method calls. For example:

# Create a form instance with POST data.
>>> a = Author()
>>> f = AuthorForm(request.POST, instance=a)

# Create and save the new author instance. There's no need to do anything else.
>>> new_author = f.save()

Other than the save() and save_m2m() methods, a ModelForm works exactly the same way as any other forms form. For example, the is_valid() method is used to check for validity, the is_multipart() method is used to determine whether a form requires multipart file upload (and hence whether request.FILES must be passed to the form), etc. See Mengikat berkas terunggah ke formulir for more information.

Memilih bidang untuk digunakan

It is strongly recommended that you explicitly set all fields that should be edited in the form using the fields attribute. Failure to do so can easily lead to security problems when a form unexpectedly allows a user to set certain fields, especially when new fields are added to a model. Depending on how the form is rendered, the problem may not even be visible on the web page.

The alternative approach would be to include all fields automatically, or blacklist only some. This fundamental approach is known to be much less secure and has led to serious exploits on major websites (e.g. GitHub).

There are, however, two shortcuts available for cases where you can guarantee these security concerns do not apply to you:

1. Setel atribut fields ke nilai khusus '__all__' untuk menunjukkan bahwa semua bidang-bidang dalam model harus digunakan. Sebagai contoh:

   from django.forms import ModelForm
   
   class AuthorForm(ModelForm):
       class Meta:
           model = Author
           fields = '__all__'
   

2. Setel atribut exclude dari kelas Meta sebelah dalam ModelForm pada daftar dari bidang untuk tidak disertakan dari formulir.

   Sebagai contoh:

   class PartialAuthorForm(ModelForm):
       class Meta:
           model = Author
           exclude = ['title']
   

   Since the Author model has the 3 fields name, title and birth_date, this will result in the fields name and birth_date being present on the form.

If either of these are used, the order the fields appear in the form will be the order the fields are defined in the model, with ManyToManyField instances appearing last.

In addition, Django applies the following rule: if you set editable=False on the model field, any form created from the model via ModelForm will not include that field.

Catatan

Any fields not included in a form by the above logic will not be set by the form's save() method. Also, if you manually add the excluded fields back to the form, they will not be initialized from the model instance.

Django will prevent any attempt to save an incomplete model, so if the model does not allow the missing fields to be empty, and does not provide a default value for the missing fields, any attempt to save() a ModelForm with missing fields will fail. To avoid this failure, you must instantiate your model with initial values for the missing, but required fields:

author = Author(title='Mr')
form = PartialAuthorForm(request.POST, instance=author)
form.save()

Cara lain, anda dapat menggunakan save(commit=False) dan secara manul menyetel bidang lain yang dibutuhkan:

form = PartialAuthorForm(request.POST)
author = form.save(commit=False)
author.title = 'Mr'
author.save()

See the section on saving forms for more details on using save(commit=False).

Mengesampingan nilai awal

The default field types, as described in the Field types table above, are sensible defaults. If you have a DateField in your model, chances are you'd want that to be represented as a DateField in your form. But ModelForm gives you the flexibility of changing the form field for a given model.

Untuk menentukan widget penyesuaian untuk bidang, gunakan atribut widgets dari kelas Meta sebelah dalam. Ini harus berupa nama bidang pemetaan kamus pada kelas widget atau instance.

For example, if you want the CharField for the name attribute of Author to be represented by a <textarea> instead of its default <input type="text">, you can override the field's widget:

from django.forms import ModelForm, Textarea
from myapp.models import Author

class AuthorForm(ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Author
        fields = ('name', 'title', 'birth_date')
        widgets = {
            'name': Textarea(attrs={'cols': 80, 'rows': 20}),
        }

The widgets dictionary accepts either widget instances (e.g., Textarea(...)) or classes (e.g., Textarea).

Demikian pula, anda dapat menentukan atribut labels, help_texts dan error_messages dari kelas Meta sebelah dalam jika anda ingin lebih lanjut menyesuaikan bidang.

For example if you wanted to customize the wording of all user facing strings for the name field:

from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

class AuthorForm(ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Author
        fields = ('name', 'title', 'birth_date')
        labels = {
            'name': _('Writer'),
        }
        help_texts = {
            'name': _('Some useful help text.'),
        }
        error_messages = {
            'name': {
                'max_length': _("This writer's name is too long."),
            },
        }

You can also specify field_classes to customize the type of fields instantiated by the form.

For example, if you wanted to use MySlugFormField for the slug field, you could do the following:

from django.forms import ModelForm
from myapp.models import Article

class ArticleForm(ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Article
        fields = ['pub_date', 'headline', 'content', 'reporter', 'slug']
        field_classes = {
            'slug': MySlugFormField,
        }

Finally, if you want complete control over of a field -- including its type, validators, required, etc. -- you can do this by declaratively specifying fields like you would in a regular Form.

If you want to specify a field's validators, you can do so by defining the field declaratively and setting its validators parameter:

from django.forms import CharField, ModelForm
from myapp.models import Article

class ArticleForm(ModelForm):
    slug = CharField(validators=[validate_slug])

    class Meta:
        model = Article
        fields = ['pub_date', 'headline', 'content', 'reporter', 'slug']

Catatan

When you explicitly instantiate a form field like this, it is important to understand how ModelForm and regular Form are related.

ModelForm is a regular Form which can automatically generate certain fields. The fields that are automatically generated depend on the content of the Meta class and on which fields have already been defined declaratively. Basically, ModelForm will only generate fields that are missing from the form, or in other words, fields that weren't defined declaratively.

Fields defined declaratively are left as-is, therefore any customizations made to Meta attributes such as widgets, labels, help_texts, or error_messages are ignored; these only apply to fields that are generated automatically.

Mirip, bidang-bidang ditentukan menerangkan tidak menggambar atribut mereka seperti max_length atau required dari model sesuai Jika anda ingin merawat perilaku ditentukan dalam model, anda harus mensetel argumen terkait secara jelas ketika menyatakan bidang formulir.

Sebagai contoh, jika model Article kelihatan seperti ini:

class Article(models.Model):
    headline = models.CharField(
        max_length=200,
        null=True,
        blank=True,
        help_text='Use puns liberally',
    )
    content = models.TextField()

and you want to do some custom validation for headline, while keeping the blank and help_text values as specified, you might define ArticleForm like this:

class ArticleForm(ModelForm):
    headline = MyFormField(
        max_length=200,
        required=False,
        help_text='Use puns liberally',
    )

    class Meta:
        model = Article
        fields = ['headline', 'content']

Anda harus memastikan bahwa jenis dari biadng formulir dapat digunakan menyetel isi dari bidang model sesuai. Ketika mereka tidak sepadan, anda akan mendapatkan ValueError sebagai peruahan bukan tersirat berlangsung.

Lihat dokumentasi bidang formulir untuk lebih informasi pada bidang dan argumen mereka.

Enabling localization of fields

By default, the fields in a ModelForm will not localize their data. To enable localization for fields, you can use the localized_fields attribute on the Meta class.

>>> from django.forms import ModelForm
>>> from myapp.models import Author
>>> class AuthorForm(ModelForm):
...     class Meta:
...         model = Author
...         localized_fields = ('birth_date',)

If localized_fields is set to the special value '__all__', all fields will be localized.

Warisan formulir

As with basic forms, you can extend and reuse ModelForms by inheriting them. This is useful if you need to declare extra fields or extra methods on a parent class for use in a number of forms derived from models. For example, using the previous ArticleForm class:

>>> class EnhancedArticleForm(ArticleForm):
...     def clean_pub_date(self):
...         ...

This creates a form that behaves identically to ArticleForm, except there's some extra validation and cleaning for the pub_date field.

Anda dapat juga mensubkelaskan kelas sebelah dalam Meta induk jika anda ingin merubah daftar Meta.fields atau Meta.exclude:

>>> class RestrictedArticleForm(EnhancedArticleForm):
...     class Meta(ArticleForm.Meta):
...         exclude = ('body',)

This adds the extra method from the EnhancedArticleForm and modifies the original ArticleForm.Meta to remove one field.

Terdapat sepasang hal untuk dicatat, bagaimanapun.

• Normal Python name resolution rules apply. If you have multiple base classes that declare a Meta inner class, only the first one will be used. This means the child's Meta, if it exists, otherwise the Meta of the first parent, etc.

• It's possible to inherit from both Form and ModelForm simultaneously, however, you must ensure that ModelForm appears first in the MRO. This is because these classes rely on different metaclasses and a class can only have one metaclass.

• It's possible to declaratively remove a Field inherited from a parent class by setting the name to be None on the subclass.

  You can only use this technique to opt out from a field defined declaratively by a parent class; it won't prevent the ModelForm metaclass from generating a default field. To opt-out from default fields, see Memilih bidang untuk digunakan.

Menyediakan nilai awal

As with regular forms, it's possible to specify initial data for forms by specifying an initial parameter when instantiating the form. Initial values provided this way will override both initial values from the form field and values from an attached model instance. For example:

>>> article = Article.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> article.headline
'My headline'
>>> form = ArticleForm(initial={'headline': 'Initial headline'}, instance=article)
>>> form['headline'].value()
'Initial headline'

Fungsi pabrik ModelForm

Anda dapat membuat formulir dari model yang diberikan menggunakan fungsi berdiri sendiri modelform_factory(), daripada menggunakan pengertian kelas. Ini mungkin lebih nyaman jika anda tidak memiliki banyak penyesuaian untuk dibuat:

>>> from django.forms import modelform_factory
>>> from myapp.models import Book
>>> BookForm = modelform_factory(Book, fields=("author", "title"))

Ini juga dapat digunakan untuk membuat perubahan sederhana pada formulir yang ada, sebagai contoh dengan menentukan widget untuk digunakan untuk bidang yang diberikan:

>>> from django.forms import Textarea
>>> Form = modelform_factory(Book, form=BookForm,
...                          widgets={"title": Textarea()})

Bidang-bidang untuk disertakan dapat ditentukan menggunakan argumen katakunci fields dan exclude, atau atribut-atribut sesuai pada ModelForm didalam kelas Meta. Harap lihat dokumentasi Memilih bidang untuk digunakan ModelForm.

... or enable localization for specific fields:

>>> Form = modelform_factory(Author, form=AuthorForm, localized_fields=("birth_date",))

Model formsets

class models.BaseModelFormSet

Like regular formsets, Django provides a couple of enhanced formset classes that make it easy to work with Django models. Let's reuse the Author model from above:

>>> from django.forms import modelformset_factory
>>> from myapp.models import Author
>>> AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields=('name', 'title'))

Using fields restricts the formset to use only the given fields. Alternatively, you can take an "opt-out" approach, specifying which fields to exclude:

>>> AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, exclude=('birth_date',))

This will create a formset that is capable of working with the data associated with the Author model. It works just like a regular formset:

>>> formset = AuthorFormSet()
>>> print(formset)
<input type="hidden" name="form-TOTAL_FORMS" value="1" id="id_form-TOTAL_FORMS" /><input type="hidden" name="form-INITIAL_FORMS" value="0" id="id_form-INITIAL_FORMS" /><input type="hidden" name="form-MAX_NUM_FORMS" id="id_form-MAX_NUM_FORMS" />
<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-name">Name:</label></th><td><input id="id_form-0-name" type="text" name="form-0-name" maxlength="100" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-title">Title:</label></th><td><select name="form-0-title" id="id_form-0-title">
<option value="" selected>---------</option>
<option value="MR">Mr.</option>
<option value="MRS">Mrs.</option>
<option value="MS">Ms.</option>
</select><input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" id="id_form-0-id" /></td></tr>

Catatan

modelformset_factory() uses formset_factory() to generate formsets. This means that a model formset is just an extension of a basic formset that knows how to interact with a particular model.

Changing the queryset

By default, when you create a formset from a model, the formset will use a queryset that includes all objects in the model (e.g., Author.objects.all()). You can override this behavior by using the queryset argument:

>>> formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=Author.objects.filter(name__startswith='O'))

Alternatively, you can create a subclass that sets self.queryset in __init__:

from django.forms import BaseModelFormSet
from myapp.models import Author

class BaseAuthorFormSet(BaseModelFormSet):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.queryset = Author.objects.filter(name__startswith='O')

Then, pass your BaseAuthorFormSet class to the factory function:

>>> AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
...     Author, fields=('name', 'title'), formset=BaseAuthorFormSet)

If you want to return a formset that doesn't include any pre-existing instances of the model, you can specify an empty QuerySet:

>>> AuthorFormSet(queryset=Author.objects.none())

Merubah formulir

By default, when you use modelformset_factory, a model form will be created using modelform_factory(). Often, it can be useful to specify a custom model form. For example, you can create a custom model form that has custom validation:

class AuthorForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Author
        fields = ('name', 'title')

    def clean_name(self):
        # custom validation for the name field
        ...

Kemudian, lewati formulir model anda ke fungsi pabrik:

AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, form=AuthorForm)

It is not always necessary to define a custom model form. The modelformset_factory function has several arguments which are passed through to modelform_factory, which are described below.

Specifying widgets to use in the form with widgets

Using the widgets parameter, you can specify a dictionary of values to customize the ModelForm’s widget class for a particular field. This works the same way as the widgets dictionary on the inner Meta class of a ModelForm works:

>>> AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
...     Author, fields=('name', 'title'),
...     widgets={'name': Textarea(attrs={'cols': 80, 'rows': 20})})

Enabling localization for fields with localized_fields

Using the localized_fields parameter, you can enable localization for fields in the form.

>>> AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
...     Author, fields=('name', 'title', 'birth_date'),
...     localized_fields=('birth_date',))

If localized_fields is set to the special value '__all__', all fields will be localized.

Menyediakan nilai awal

As with regular formsets, it's possible to specify initial data for forms in the formset by specifying an initial parameter when instantiating the model formset class returned by modelformset_factory(). However, with model formsets, the initial values only apply to extra forms, those that aren't attached to an existing model instance. If the extra forms with initial data aren't changed by the user, they won't be validated or saved.

Saving objects in the formset

As with a ModelForm, you can save the data as a model object. This is done with the formset's save() method:

# Create a formset instance with POST data.
>>> formset = AuthorFormSet(request.POST)

# Assuming all is valid, save the data.
>>> instances = formset.save()

The save() method returns the instances that have been saved to the database. If a given instance's data didn't change in the bound data, the instance won't be saved to the database and won't be included in the return value (instances, in the above example).

When fields are missing from the form (for example because they have been excluded), these fields will not be set by the save() method. You can find more information about this restriction, which also holds for regular ModelForms, in Selecting the fields to use.

Pass commit=False to return the unsaved model instances:

# don't save to the database
>>> instances = formset.save(commit=False)
>>> for instance in instances:
...     # do something with instance
...     instance.save()

This gives you the ability to attach data to the instances before saving them to the database. If your formset contains a ManyToManyField, you'll also need to call formset.save_m2m() to ensure the many-to-many relationships are saved properly.

After calling save(), your model formset will have three new attributes containing the formset's changes:

models.BaseModelFormSet.changed_objects

models.BaseModelFormSet.deleted_objects

models.BaseModelFormSet.new_objects

Membatasi angka dari obyek dapat di sunting

As with regular formsets, you can use the max_num and extra parameters to modelformset_factory() to limit the number of extra forms displayed.

max_num tidak mencegah obyek yang ada dari menjadi ditampilkan:

>>> Author.objects.order_by('name')
<QuerySet [<Author: Charles Baudelaire>, <Author: Paul Verlaine>, <Author: Walt Whitman>]>

>>> AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields=('name',), max_num=1)
>>> formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=Author.objects.order_by('name'))
>>> [x.name for x in formset.get_queryset()]
['Charles Baudelaire', 'Paul Verlaine', 'Walt Whitman']

Also, extra=0 doesn't prevent creation of new model instances as you can add additional forms with JavaScript or just send additional POST data. Formsets don't yet provide functionality for an "edit only" view that prevents creation of new instances.

If the value of max_num is greater than the number of existing related objects, up to extra additional blank forms will be added to the formset, so long as the total number of forms does not exceed max_num:

>>> AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields=('name',), max_num=4, extra=2)
>>> formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=Author.objects.order_by('name'))
>>> for form in formset:
...     print(form.as_table())
<tr><th><label for="id_form-0-name">Name:</label></th><td><input id="id_form-0-name" type="text" name="form-0-name" value="Charles Baudelaire" maxlength="100" /><input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" value="1" id="id_form-0-id" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_form-1-name">Name:</label></th><td><input id="id_form-1-name" type="text" name="form-1-name" value="Paul Verlaine" maxlength="100" /><input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" value="3" id="id_form-1-id" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_form-2-name">Name:</label></th><td><input id="id_form-2-name" type="text" name="form-2-name" value="Walt Whitman" maxlength="100" /><input type="hidden" name="form-2-id" value="2" id="id_form-2-id" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_form-3-name">Name:</label></th><td><input id="id_form-3-name" type="text" name="form-3-name" maxlength="100" /><input type="hidden" name="form-3-id" id="id_form-3-id" /></td></tr>

Sebuah nilai max_num dari None (awalan) menaruh batasan tinggi pada sejumlah formulir-formulir ditampilkan (1000). Dalam praktiknya ini adalah setara pada tidak ada batasan.

Using a model formset in a view

Model formsets are very similar to formsets. Let's say we want to present a formset to edit Author model instances:

from django.forms import modelformset_factory
from django.shortcuts import render
from myapp.models import Author

def manage_authors(request):
    AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields=('name', 'title'))
    if request.method == 'POST':
        formset = AuthorFormSet(request.POST, request.FILES)
        if formset.is_valid():
            formset.save()
            # do something.
    else:
        formset = AuthorFormSet()
    return render(request, 'manage_authors.html', {'formset': formset})

As you can see, the view logic of a model formset isn't drastically different than that of a "normal" formset. The only difference is that we call formset.save() to save the data into the database. (This was described above, in Saving objects in the formset.)

Menimpa clean() pada sebuah ModelFormSet

Just like with ModelForms, by default the clean() method of a ModelFormSet will validate that none of the items in the formset violate the unique constraints on your model (either unique, unique_together or unique_for_date|month|year). If you want to override the clean() method on a ModelFormSet and maintain this validation, you must call the parent class's clean method:

from django.forms import BaseModelFormSet

class MyModelFormSet(BaseModelFormSet):
    def clean(self):
        super().clean()
        # example custom validation across forms in the formset
        for form in self.forms:
            # your custom formset validation
            ...

Also note that by the time you reach this step, individual model instances have already been created for each Form. Modifying a value in form.cleaned_data is not sufficient to affect the saved value. If you wish to modify a value in ModelFormSet.clean() you must modify form.instance:

from django.forms import BaseModelFormSet

class MyModelFormSet(BaseModelFormSet):
    def clean(self):
        super().clean()

        for form in self.forms:
            name = form.cleaned_data['name'].upper()
            form.cleaned_data['name'] = name
            # update the instance value.
            form.instance.name = name

Menggunakan queryset penyesuaian

Seperti dinyatakan sebelumnya, anda dapat menimpa queryset awalan digunakan oleh formset model:

from django.forms import modelformset_factory
from django.shortcuts import render
from myapp.models import Author

def manage_authors(request):
    AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields=('name', 'title'))
    if request.method == "POST":
        formset = AuthorFormSet(
            request.POST, request.FILES,
            queryset=Author.objects.filter(name__startswith='O'),
        )
        if formset.is_valid():
            formset.save()
            # Do something.
    else:
        formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=Author.objects.filter(name__startswith='O'))
    return render(request, 'manage_authors.html', {'formset': formset})

Catat bahwa kami melewatkan argumen queryset dalam kedua kasus POST dan GET dalam contoh ini.

Menggunakan formset dalam cetakan

Ada tiga cara untuk mengirim sebuah formset dalam sebuah cetakan Django.

Pertama, anda dapat membiarkan formset melakukan sebagian besar pekerjaan:

<form method="post">
    {{ formset }}
</form>

Kedua, anda dapat secara manual membangun formset, tetapi membiarkan formulir berurusan dengan itu sendiri:

<form method="post">
    {{ formset.management_form }}
    {% for form in formset %}
        {{ form }}
    {% endfor %}
</form>

When you manually render the forms yourself, be sure to render the management form as shown above. See the management form documentation.

Ketiga, anda dapat secara manual membangun setiap bidang:

<form method="post">
    {{ formset.management_form }}
    {% for form in formset %}
        {% for field in form %}
            {{ field.label_tag }} {{ field }}
        {% endfor %}
    {% endfor %}
</form>

If you opt to use this third method and you don't iterate over the fields with a {% for %} loop, you'll need to render the primary key field. For example, if you were rendering the name and age fields of a model:

<form method="post">
    {{ formset.management_form }}
    {% for form in formset %}
        {{ form.id }}
        <ul>
            <li>{{ form.name }}</li>
            <li>{{ form.age }}</li>
        </ul>
    {% endfor %}
</form>

Notice how we need to explicitly render {{ form.id }}. This ensures that the model formset, in the POST case, will work correctly. (This example assumes a primary key named id. If you've explicitly defined your own primary key that isn't called id, make sure it gets rendered.)

Formset berderet

class models.BaseInlineFormSet

Formset berderet adalah lapisan abstraksi kecil pada atas formset model. Ini menyederhanakan kasus dari bekerja dengan obyek-obyek terkait melalui sebuah foreign key. Seandainya anda mempunyai dua model ini:

from django.db import models

class Author(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)

class Book(models.Model):
    author = models.ForeignKey(Author, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)

If you want to create a formset that allows you to edit books belonging to a particular author, you could do this:

>>> from django.forms import inlineformset_factory
>>> BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, fields=('title',))
>>> author = Author.objects.get(name='Mike Royko')
>>> formset = BookFormSet(instance=author)

BookFormSet's prefix is 'book_set' (<model name>_set ). If Book's ForeignKey to Author has a related_name, that's used instead.

Catatan

inlineformset_factory() menggunakan modelformset_factory() dan menandai can_delete=True.

lihat juga

Manually rendered can_delete and can_order.

Metode menimpa pada InlineFormSet

When overriding methods on InlineFormSet, you should subclass BaseInlineFormSet rather than BaseModelFormSet.

Sebagai contoh, jika anda ingin menimpa clean():

from django.forms import BaseInlineFormSet

class CustomInlineFormSet(BaseInlineFormSet):
    def clean(self):
        super().clean()
        # example custom validation across forms in the formset
        for form in self.forms:
            # your custom formset validation
            ...

Lihat juga Menimpa clean() pada sebuah ModelFormSet.

Kemudian ketika anda membuat formset berderet anda, lewatkan di argumen pilihan formset:

>>> from django.forms import inlineformset_factory
>>> BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, fields=('title',),
...     formset=CustomInlineFormSet)
>>> author = Author.objects.get(name='Mike Royko')
>>> formset = BookFormSet(instance=author)

Lebih dari satu foreign key pada model sama

If your model contains more than one foreign key to the same model, you'll need to resolve the ambiguity manually using fk_name. For example, consider the following model:

class Friendship(models.Model):
    from_friend = models.ForeignKey(
        Friend,
        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
        related_name='from_friends',
    )
    to_friend = models.ForeignKey(
        Friend,
        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
        related_name='friends',
    )
    length_in_months = models.IntegerField()

Untuk mengatasi ini, anda dapat menggunakan fk_name pada inlineformset_factory():

>>> FriendshipFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Friend, Friendship, fk_name='from_friend',
...     fields=('to_friend', 'length_in_months'))

Menggunakan formset berderet di sebuah tampilan

You may want to provide a view that allows a user to edit the related objects of a model. Here's how you can do that:

def manage_books(request, author_id):
    author = Author.objects.get(pk=author_id)
    BookInlineFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, fields=('title',))
    if request.method == "POST":
        formset = BookInlineFormSet(request.POST, request.FILES, instance=author)
        if formset.is_valid():
            formset.save()
            # Do something. Should generally end with a redirect. For example:
            return HttpResponseRedirect(author.get_absolute_url())
    else:
        formset = BookInlineFormSet(instance=author)
    return render(request, 'manage_books.html', {'formset': formset})

Perhatikan bagaimana kami melewatkan instance dalam kedua kasus POST dan GET.

Menentukan widget-widget untuk digunakan di formulir berderet

inlineformset_factory menggunakan modelformset_factory dan melewatkan kebanyakan argumennya ke modelformset_factory. Ini berarti anda dapat menggunakan parameter widgets dalam banyak cara yang sama ketika melewatkan itu ke modelformset_factory. Lihat Specifying widgets to use in the form with widgets diatas.