Managers

class Manager[source]

A Manager is the interface through which database query operations are provided to Django models. At least one Manager exists for every model in a Django application.

The way Manager classes work is documented in Making queries; this document specifically touches on model options that customize Manager behavior.

Manager names

By default, Django adds a Manager with the name objects to every Django model class. However, if you want to use objects as a field name, or if you want to use a name other than objects for the Manager, you can rename it on a per-model basis. To rename the Manager for a given class, define a class attribute of type models.Manager() on that model. For example:

from django.db import models

class Person(models.Model):
    #...
    people = models.Manager()

Using this example model, Person.objects will generate an AttributeError exception, but Person.people.all() will provide a list of all Person objects.

Custom Managers

You can use a custom Manager in a particular model by extending the base Manager class and instantiating your custom Manager in your model.

There are two reasons you might want to customize a Manager: to add extra Manager methods, and/or to modify the initial QuerySet the Manager returns.

Adding extra Manager methods

Adding extra Manager methods is the preferred way to add “table-level” functionality to your models. (For “row-level” functionality – i.e., functions that act on a single instance of a model object – use Model methods, not custom Manager methods.)

A custom Manager method can return anything you want. It doesn’t have to return a QuerySet.

For example, this custom Manager offers a method with_counts(), which returns a list of all OpinionPoll objects, each with an extra num_responses attribute that is the result of an aggregate query:

from django.db import models

class PollManager(models.Manager):
    def with_counts(self):
        from django.db import connection
        cursor = connection.cursor()
        cursor.execute("""
            SELECT p.id, p.question, p.poll_date, COUNT(*)
            FROM polls_opinionpoll p, polls_response r
            WHERE p.id = r.poll_id
            GROUP BY p.id, p.question, p.poll_date
            ORDER BY p.poll_date DESC""")
        result_list = []
        for row in cursor.fetchall():
            p = self.model(id=row[0], question=row[1], poll_date=row[2])
            p.num_responses = row[3]
            result_list.append(p)
        return result_list

class OpinionPoll(models.Model):
    question = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    poll_date = models.DateField()
    objects = PollManager()

class Response(models.Model):
    poll = models.ForeignKey(OpinionPoll)
    person_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    response = models.TextField()

With this example, you’d use OpinionPoll.objects.with_counts() to return that list of OpinionPoll objects with num_responses attributes.

Another thing to note about this example is that Manager methods can access self.model to get the model class to which they’re attached.

Modifying initial Manager QuerySets

A Manager’s base QuerySet returns all objects in the system. For example, using this model:

from django.db import models

class Book(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    author = models.CharField(max_length=50)

…the statement Book.objects.all() will return all books in the database.

You can override a Manager’s base QuerySet by overriding the Manager.get_queryset() method. get_queryset() should return a QuerySet with the properties you require.

For example, the following model has two Managers – one that returns all objects, and one that returns only the books by Roald Dahl:

# First, define the Manager subclass.
class DahlBookManager(models.Manager):
    def get_queryset(self):
        return super(DahlBookManager, self).get_queryset().filter(author='Roald Dahl')

# Then hook it into the Book model explicitly.
class Book(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    author = models.CharField(max_length=50)

    objects = models.Manager() # The default manager.
    dahl_objects = DahlBookManager() # The Dahl-specific manager.

With this sample model, Book.objects.all() will return all books in the database, but Book.dahl_objects.all() will only return the ones written by Roald Dahl.

Of course, because get_queryset() returns a QuerySet object, you can use filter(), exclude() and all the other QuerySet methods on it. So these statements are all legal:

Book.dahl_objects.all()
Book.dahl_objects.filter(title='Matilda')
Book.dahl_objects.count()

This example also pointed out another interesting technique: using multiple managers on the same model. You can attach as many Manager() instances to a model as you’d like. This is an easy way to define common “filters” for your models.

For example:

class AuthorManager(models.Manager):
    def get_queryset(self):
        return super(AuthorManager, self).get_queryset().filter(role='A')

class EditorManager(models.Manager):
    def get_queryset(self):
        return super(EditorManager, self).get_queryset().filter(role='E')

class Person(models.Model):
    first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    role = models.CharField(max_length=1, choices=(('A', _('Author')), ('E', _('Editor'))))
    people = models.Manager()
    authors = AuthorManager()
    editors = EditorManager()

This example allows you to request Person.authors.all(), Person.editors.all(), and Person.people.all(), yielding predictable results.

Default managers

If you use custom Manager objects, take note that the first Manager Django encounters (in the order in which they’re defined in the model) has a special status. Django interprets the first Manager defined in a class as the “default” Manager, and several parts of Django (including dumpdata) will use that Manager exclusively for that model. As a result, it’s a good idea to be careful in your choice of default manager in order to avoid a situation where overriding get_queryset() results in an inability to retrieve objects you’d like to work with.

Using managers for related object access

By default, Django uses an instance of a “plain” manager class when accessing related objects (i.e. choice.poll), not the default manager on the related object. This is because Django needs to be able to retrieve the related object, even if it would otherwise be filtered out (and hence be inaccessible) by the default manager.

If the normal plain manager class (django.db.models.Manager) is not appropriate for your circumstances, you can force Django to use the same class as the default manager for your model by setting the use_for_related_fields attribute on the manager class. This is documented fully below.

Calling custom QuerySet methods from the Manager

While most methods from the standard QuerySet are accessible directly from the Manager, this is only the case for the extra methods defined on a custom QuerySet if you also implement them on the Manager:

class PersonQuerySet(models.QuerySet):
    def authors(self):
        return self.filter(role='A')

    def editors(self):
        return self.filter(role='E')

class PersonManager(models.Manager):
    def get_queryset(self):
        return PersonQuerySet(self.model, using=self._db)

    def authors(self):
        return self.get_queryset().authors()

    def editors(self):
        return self.get_queryset().editors()

class Person(models.Model):
    first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    role = models.CharField(max_length=1, choices=(('A', _('Author')), ('E', _('Editor'))))
    people = PersonManager()

This example allows you to call both authors() and editors() directly from the manager Person.people.

Creating Manager with QuerySet methods

New in Django 1.7.

In lieu of the above approach which requires duplicating methods on both the QuerySet and the Manager, QuerySet.as_manager() can be used to create an instance of Manager with a copy of a custom QuerySet’s methods:

class Person(models.Model):
    ...
    people = PersonQuerySet.as_manager()

The Manager instance created by QuerySet.as_manager() will be virtually identical to the PersonManager from the previous example.

Not every QuerySet method makes sense at the Manager level; for instance we intentionally prevent the QuerySet.delete() method from being copied onto the Manager class.

Methods are copied according to the following rules:

• Public methods are copied by default.
• Private methods (starting with an underscore) are not copied by default.
• Methods with a queryset_only attribute set to False are always copied.
• Methods with a queryset_only attribute set to True are never copied.

For example:

class CustomQuerySet(models.QuerySet):
    # Available on both Manager and QuerySet.
    def public_method(self):
        return

    # Available only on QuerySet.
    def _private_method(self):
        return

    # Available only on QuerySet.
    def opted_out_public_method(self):
        return
    opted_out_public_method.queryset_only = True

    # Available on both Manager and QuerySet.
    def _opted_in_private_method(self):
        return
    _opted_in_private_method.queryset_only = False

from_queryset

classmethod from_queryset(queryset_class)

For advanced usage you might want both a custom Manager and a custom QuerySet. You can do that by calling Manager.from_queryset() which returns a subclass of your base Manager with a copy of the custom QuerySet methods:

class BaseManager(models.Manager):
    def manager_only_method(self):
        return

class CustomQuerySet(models.QuerySet):
    def manager_and_queryset_method(self):
        return

class MyModel(models.Model):
    objects = BaseManager.from_queryset(CustomQuerySet)()

You may also store the generated class into a variable:

CustomManager = BaseManager.from_queryset(CustomQuerySet)

class MyModel(models.Model):
    objects = CustomManager()

Custom managers and model inheritance

Class inheritance and model managers aren’t quite a perfect match for each other. Managers are often specific to the classes they are defined on and inheriting them in subclasses isn’t necessarily a good idea. Also, because the first manager declared is the default manager, it is important to allow that to be controlled. So here’s how Django handles custom managers and model inheritance:

1. Managers defined on non-abstract base classes are not inherited by child classes. If you want to reuse a manager from a non-abstract base, redeclare it explicitly on the child class. These sorts of managers are likely to be fairly specific to the class they are defined on, so inheriting them can often lead to unexpected results (particularly as far as the default manager goes). Therefore, they aren’t passed onto child classes.
2. Managers from abstract base classes are always inherited by the child class, using Python’s normal name resolution order (names on the child class override all others; then come names on the first parent class, and so on). Abstract base classes are designed to capture information and behavior that is common to their child classes. Defining common managers is an appropriate part of this common information.
3. The default manager on a class is either the first manager declared on the class, if that exists, or the default manager of the first abstract base class in the parent hierarchy, if that exists. If no default manager is explicitly declared, Django’s normal default manager is used.

These rules provide the necessary flexibility if you want to install a collection of custom managers on a group of models, via an abstract base class, but still customize the default manager. For example, suppose you have this base class:

class AbstractBase(models.Model):
    # ...
    objects = CustomManager()

    class Meta:
        abstract = True

If you use this directly in a subclass, objects will be the default manager if you declare no managers in the base class:

class ChildA(AbstractBase):
    # ...
    # This class has CustomManager as the default manager.
    pass

If you want to inherit from AbstractBase, but provide a different default manager, you can provide the default manager on the child class:

class ChildB(AbstractBase):
    # ...
    # An explicit default manager.
    default_manager = OtherManager()

Here, default_manager is the default. The objects manager is still available, since it’s inherited. It just isn’t used as the default.

Finally for this example, suppose you want to add extra managers to the child class, but still use the default from AbstractBase. You can’t add the new manager directly in the child class, as that would override the default and you would have to also explicitly include all the managers from the abstract base class. The solution is to put the extra managers in another base class and introduce it into the inheritance hierarchy after the defaults:

class ExtraManager(models.Model):
    extra_manager = OtherManager()

    class Meta:
        abstract = True

class ChildC(AbstractBase, ExtraManager):
    # ...
    # Default manager is CustomManager, but OtherManager is
    # also available via the "extra_manager" attribute.
    pass

Note that while you can define a custom manager on the abstract model, you can’t invoke any methods using the abstract model. That is:

ClassA.objects.do_something()

is legal, but:

AbstractBase.objects.do_something()

will raise an exception. This is because managers are intended to encapsulate logic for managing collections of objects. Since you can’t have a collection of abstract objects, it doesn’t make sense to be managing them. If you have functionality that applies to the abstract model, you should put that functionality in a staticmethod or classmethod on the abstract model.

Implementation concerns

Whatever features you add to your custom Manager, it must be possible to make a shallow copy of a Manager instance; i.e., the following code must work:

>>> import copy
>>> manager = MyManager()
>>> my_copy = copy.copy(manager)

Django makes shallow copies of manager objects during certain queries; if your Manager cannot be copied, those queries will fail.

This won’t be an issue for most custom managers. If you are just adding simple methods to your Manager, it is unlikely that you will inadvertently make instances of your Manager uncopyable. However, if you’re overriding __getattr__ or some other private method of your Manager object that controls object state, you should ensure that you don’t affect the ability of your Manager to be copied.

Controlling automatic Manager types

This document has already mentioned a couple of places where Django creates a manager class for you: default managers and the “plain” manager used to access related objects. There are other places in the implementation of Django where temporary plain managers are needed. Those automatically created managers will normally be instances of the django.db.models.Manager class.

Throughout this section, we will use the term “automatic manager” to mean a manager that Django creates for you – either as a default manager on a model with no managers, or to use temporarily when accessing related objects.

Sometimes this default class won’t be the right choice. One example is in the django.contrib.gis application that ships with Django itself. All gis models must use a special manager class (GeoManager) because they need a special queryset (GeoQuerySet) to be used for interacting with the database. It turns out that models which require a special manager like this need to use the same manager class wherever an automatic manager is created.

Django provides a way for custom manager developers to say that their manager class should be used for automatic managers whenever it is the default manager on a model. This is done by setting the use_for_related_fields attribute on the manager class:

class MyManager(models.Manager):
    use_for_related_fields = True
    # ...

If this attribute is set on the default manager for a model (only the default manager is considered in these situations), Django will use that class whenever it needs to automatically create a manager for the class. Otherwise, it will use django.db.models.Manager.

Historical Note

Given the purpose for which it’s used, the name of this attribute (use_for_related_fields) might seem a little odd. Originally, the attribute only controlled the type of manager used for related field access, which is where the name came from. As it became clear the concept was more broadly useful, the name hasn’t been changed. This is primarily so that existing code will continue to work in future Django versions.

Writing correct Managers for use in automatic Manager instances

As already suggested by the django.contrib.gis example, above, the use_for_related_fields feature is primarily for managers that need to return a custom QuerySet subclass. In providing this functionality in your manager, there are a couple of things to remember.

Do not filter away any results in this type of manager subclass

One reason an automatic manager is used is to access objects that are related to from some other model. In those situations, Django has to be able to see all the objects for the model it is fetching, so that anything which is referred to can be retrieved.

If you override the get_queryset() method and filter out any rows, Django will return incorrect results. Don’t do that. A manager that filters results in get_queryset() is not appropriate for use as an automatic manager.

Set use_for_related_fields when you define the class

The use_for_related_fields attribute must be set on the manager class, not on an instance of the class. The earlier example shows the correct way to set it, whereas the following will not work:

# BAD: Incorrect code
class MyManager(models.Manager):
    # ...
    pass

# Sets the attribute on an instance of MyManager. Django will
# ignore this setting.
mgr = MyManager()
mgr.use_for_related_fields = True

class MyModel(models.Model):
    # ...
    objects = mgr

# End of incorrect code.

You also shouldn’t change the attribute on the class object after it has been used in a model, since the attribute’s value is processed when the model class is created and not subsequently reread. Set the attribute on the manager class when it is first defined, as in the initial example of this section and everything will work smoothly.