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Source code for django.core.signing

"""
Functions for creating and restoring url-safe signed JSON objects.

The format used looks like this:

>>> signing.dumps("hello")
'ImhlbGxvIg:1QaUZC:YIye-ze3TTx7gtSv422nZA4sgmk'

There are two components here, separated by a ':'. The first component is a
URLsafe base64 encoded JSON of the object passed to dumps(). The second
component is a base64 encoded hmac/SHA1 hash of "$first_component:$secret"

signing.loads(s) checks the signature and returns the deserialized object.
If the signature fails, a BadSignature exception is raised.

>>> signing.loads("ImhlbGxvIg:1QaUZC:YIye-ze3TTx7gtSv422nZA4sgmk")
u'hello'
>>> signing.loads("ImhlbGxvIg:1QaUZC:YIye-ze3TTx7gtSv422nZA4sgmk-modified")
...
BadSignature: Signature failed: ImhlbGxvIg:1QaUZC:YIye-ze3TTx7gtSv422nZA4sgmk-modified

You can optionally compress the JSON prior to base64 encoding it to save
space, using the compress=True argument. This checks if compression actually
helps and only applies compression if the result is a shorter string:

>>> signing.dumps(range(1, 20), compress=True)
'.eJwFwcERACAIwLCF-rCiILN47r-GyZVJsNgkxaFxoDgxcOHGxMKD_T7vhAml:1QaUaL:BA0thEZrp4FQVXIXuOvYJtLJSrQ'

The fact that the string is compressed is signalled by the prefixed '.' at the
start of the base64 JSON.

There are 65 url-safe characters: the 64 used by url-safe base64 and the ':'.
These functions make use of all of them.
"""

from __future__ import unicode_literals

import base64
import datetime
import json
import time
import zlib

from django.conf import settings
from django.utils import baseconv
from django.utils.crypto import constant_time_compare, salted_hmac
from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes, force_str, force_text
from django.utils.module_loading import import_string


class BadSignature(Exception):
    """
    Signature does not match
    """
    pass


class SignatureExpired(BadSignature):
    """
    Signature timestamp is older than required max_age
    """
    pass


def b64_encode(s):
    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(s).strip(b'=')


def b64_decode(s):
    pad = b'=' * (-len(s) % 4)
    return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(s + pad)


def base64_hmac(salt, value, key):
    return b64_encode(salted_hmac(salt, value, key).digest())


def get_cookie_signer(salt='django.core.signing.get_cookie_signer'):
    Signer = import_string(settings.SIGNING_BACKEND)
    key = force_bytes(settings.SECRET_KEY)
    return Signer(b'django.http.cookies' + key, salt=salt)


class JSONSerializer(object):
    """
    Simple wrapper around json to be used in signing.dumps and
    signing.loads.
    """
    def dumps(self, obj):
        return json.dumps(obj, separators=(',', ':')).encode('latin-1')

    def loads(self, data):
        return json.loads(data.decode('latin-1'))


[docs]def dumps(obj, key=None, salt='django.core.signing', serializer=JSONSerializer, compress=False): """ Returns URL-safe, sha1 signed base64 compressed JSON string. If key is None, settings.SECRET_KEY is used instead. If compress is True (not the default) checks if compressing using zlib can save some space. Prepends a '.' to signify compression. This is included in the signature, to protect against zip bombs. Salt can be used to namespace the hash, so that a signed string is only valid for a given namespace. Leaving this at the default value or re-using a salt value across different parts of your application without good cause is a security risk. The serializer is expected to return a bytestring. """ data = serializer().dumps(obj) # Flag for if it's been compressed or not is_compressed = False if compress: # Avoid zlib dependency unless compress is being used compressed = zlib.compress(data) if len(compressed) < (len(data) - 1): data = compressed is_compressed = True base64d = b64_encode(data) if is_compressed: base64d = b'.' + base64d return TimestampSigner(key, salt=salt).sign(base64d)
[docs]def loads(s, key=None, salt='django.core.signing', serializer=JSONSerializer, max_age=None): """ Reverse of dumps(), raises BadSignature if signature fails. The serializer is expected to accept a bytestring. """ # TimestampSigner.unsign always returns unicode but base64 and zlib # compression operate on bytes. base64d = force_bytes(TimestampSigner(key, salt=salt).unsign(s, max_age=max_age)) decompress = False if base64d[:1] == b'.': # It's compressed; uncompress it first base64d = base64d[1:] decompress = True data = b64_decode(base64d) if decompress: data = zlib.decompress(data) return serializer().loads(data)
[docs]class Signer(object): def __init__(self, key=None, sep=':', salt=None): # Use of native strings in all versions of Python self.sep = force_str(sep) self.key = key or settings.SECRET_KEY self.salt = force_str(salt or '%s.%s' % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__)) def signature(self, value): signature = base64_hmac(self.salt + 'signer', value, self.key) # Convert the signature from bytes to str only on Python 3 return force_str(signature) def sign(self, value): value = force_str(value) return str('%s%s%s') % (value, self.sep, self.signature(value)) def unsign(self, signed_value): signed_value = force_str(signed_value) if self.sep not in signed_value: raise BadSignature('No "%s" found in value' % self.sep) value, sig = signed_value.rsplit(self.sep, 1) if constant_time_compare(sig, self.signature(value)): return force_text(value) raise BadSignature('Signature "%s" does not match' % sig)
[docs]class TimestampSigner(Signer): def timestamp(self): return baseconv.base62.encode(int(time.time()))
[docs] def sign(self, value): value = force_str(value) value = str('%s%s%s') % (value, self.sep, self.timestamp()) return super(TimestampSigner, self).sign(value)
[docs] def unsign(self, value, max_age=None): """ Retrieve original value and check it wasn't signed more than max_age seconds ago. """ result = super(TimestampSigner, self).unsign(value) value, timestamp = result.rsplit(self.sep, 1) timestamp = baseconv.base62.decode(timestamp) if max_age is not None: if isinstance(max_age, datetime.timedelta): max_age = max_age.total_seconds() # Check timestamp is not older than max_age age = time.time() - timestamp if age > max_age: raise SignatureExpired( 'Signature age %s > %s seconds' % (age, max_age)) return value
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