クラスベースのビューでフォームを扱う

フォームの処理には、一般に3つの場合分けが存在します。

  • 最初の GET リクエスト (空白またはデフォルト値が埋め込まれたフォームを返す)
  • 無効なデータの POST リクエスト (よくあるパターンは、エラー表示を追加したフォームを再表示する)
  • 有効なデータの POST リクエスト (データを処理し、普通はリダイレクトを行う)

これらの処理を自分で実装しようとすると、多くの場合、多数の繰り返しのボイラープレートコードを書くことになってしまいます (Using a form in a view を参照)。これを避けられるように、Django はフォームを処理するための一般的なクラスビューを用意しています。

基本的なフォーム

以下のような単純なコンタクトフォームがあったとします。

forms.py
from django import forms

class ContactForm(forms.Form):
    name = forms.CharField()
    message = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea)

    def send_email(self):
        # send email using the self.cleaned_data dictionary
        pass

このとき、ビューは FormView を使用することで構築することができます。

views.py
from myapp.forms import ContactForm
from django.views.generic.edit import FormView

class ContactView(FormView):
    template_name = 'contact.html'
    form_class = ContactForm
    success_url = '/thanks/'

    def form_valid(self, form):
        # This method is called when valid form data has been POSTed.
        # It should return an HttpResponse.
        form.send_email()
        return super().form_valid(form)

メモ:

モデルフォーム

ジェネリックビューが輝きを見せるのは、モデルとともに使用した時です。ジェネリックビューは ModelForm を自動的に生成するので、どのモデルクラスを使うのかを選択することができます。

  • model 属性が与えられた場合には、そのモデルクラスが使用されます。
  • get_object() がオブジェクトを帰す場合には、そのオブジェクトのクラスが使用されます。
  • queryset が与えられた場合には、そのqueryset に対するモデルが使用されます。

Model form views provide a form_valid() implementation that saves the model automatically. You can override this if you have any special requirements; see below for examples.

You don't even need to provide a success_url for CreateView or UpdateView - they will use get_absolute_url() on the model object if available.

If you want to use a custom ModelForm (for instance to add extra validation) simply set form_class on your view.

注釈

When specifying a custom form class, you must still specify the model, even though the form_class may be a ModelForm.

First we need to add get_absolute_url() to our Author class:

models.py
from django.db import models
from django.urls import reverse

class Author(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=200)

    def get_absolute_url(self):
        return reverse('author-detail', kwargs={'pk': self.pk})

Then we can use CreateView and friends to do the actual work. Notice how we're just configuring the generic class-based views here; we don't have to write any logic ourselves:

views.py
from django.urls import reverse_lazy
from django.views.generic.edit import CreateView, DeleteView, UpdateView
from myapp.models import Author

class AuthorCreate(CreateView):
    model = Author
    fields = ['name']

class AuthorUpdate(UpdateView):
    model = Author
    fields = ['name']

class AuthorDelete(DeleteView):
    model = Author
    success_url = reverse_lazy('author-list')

注釈

We have to use reverse_lazy() here, not just reverse() as the urls are not loaded when the file is imported.

The fields attribute works the same way as the fields attribute on the inner Meta class on ModelForm. Unless you define the form class in another way, the attribute is required and the view will raise an ImproperlyConfigured exception if it's not.

If you specify both the fields and form_class attributes, an ImproperlyConfigured exception will be raised.

Finally, we hook these new views into the URLconf:

urls.py
from django.urls import path
from myapp.views import AuthorCreate, AuthorDelete, AuthorUpdate

urlpatterns = [
    # ...
    path('author/add/', AuthorCreate.as_view(), name='author-add'),
    path('author/<int:pk>/', AuthorUpdate.as_view(), name='author-update'),
    path('author/<int:pk>/delete/', AuthorDelete.as_view(), name='author-delete'),
]

注釈

These views inherit SingleObjectTemplateResponseMixin which uses template_name_suffix to construct the template_name based on the model.

In this example:

If you wish to have separate templates for CreateView and UpdateView, you can set either template_name or template_name_suffix on your view class.

Models and request.user

To track the user that created an object using a CreateView, you can use a custom ModelForm to do this. First, add the foreign key relation to the model:

models.py
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from django.db import models

class Author(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    created_by = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

    # ...

In the view, ensure that you don't include created_by in the list of fields to edit, and override form_valid() to add the user:

views.py
from django.views.generic.edit import CreateView
from myapp.models import Author

class AuthorCreate(CreateView):
    model = Author
    fields = ['name']

    def form_valid(self, form):
        form.instance.created_by = self.request.user
        return super().form_valid(form)

Note that you'll need to decorate this view using login_required(), or alternatively handle unauthorized users in the form_valid().

AJAX の例

以下に挙げるのは、「普通の」フォームが POST するのと同様に AJAX リクエストで動作するフォームの簡単な実装例です。

from django.http import JsonResponse
from django.views.generic.edit import CreateView
from myapp.models import Author

class AjaxableResponseMixin:
    """
    Mixin to add AJAX support to a form.
    Must be used with an object-based FormView (e.g. CreateView)
    """
    def form_invalid(self, form):
        response = super().form_invalid(form)
        if self.request.is_ajax():
            return JsonResponse(form.errors, status=400)
        else:
            return response

    def form_valid(self, form):
        # We make sure to call the parent's form_valid() method because
        # it might do some processing (in the case of CreateView, it will
        # call form.save() for example).
        response = super().form_valid(form)
        if self.request.is_ajax():
            data = {
                'pk': self.object.pk,
            }
            return JsonResponse(data)
        else:
            return response

class AuthorCreate(AjaxableResponseMixin, CreateView):
    model = Author
    fields = ['name']